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38 Cards in this Set
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SU vs US |
SU- communism; state controlled all property and economic activity; totalitarian govt US- capitalism; private citizens controlled almost all economic activity; people vote from competing political parties --Thepact between Stalin and Hitler, America's isolationism, and US' secret of theatomic bomb worsened relations between SU and US |
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UN |
UN created as a peacekeeping body of at the time (1945) 50 nations Became an arena for US and SU to influence others |
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Postdamconference |
final wartime conference Stalin SU Clement Attlee GB Truman US Stalin banned free elections in Poland and banned democratic parties; against what he said at Yalta conference |
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reparations |
SU wanted reparations from Germany but Truman objected It was agreed that SU, GB, FR, and US would get reparations from their occupation zones US was the economic leader in the world because industry boomed during the war; they wanted raw materials in Eastern Europe and to sell there |
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SU lands |
SU felt justified in their claim of Eastern Europe because of the heavy devastation they suffered on their own soil Stalin installed communist countries in Albania, Bulgaria, Czech, Hungary, Romania, and Poland Satellite nations- those dominated by SU |
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George F Kennan |
proposed a policy of containment |
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containment |
taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries |
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iron curtain |
stoodfor division of Europe; Winston Churchill |
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Cold War |
US vs SU created from conflict in Eastern Europe No direct confrontation 1945 until SU split in 1991 |
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Truman Doctrine |
policy of US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures $400 million US tried to contain Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey by providing economic and military aid |
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Marshall plan |
GeorgeMarshall in June 1947 proposed that the US provide aid to all European nationsthat needed it - helped16 countries with a total $13 billion in aid |
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Berlin |
1948, GB, US, and FR combined their occupation zones into one -Berlin was surrounded by Soviet territory and Stalin closed all route to West Berlin in an attempt to capture it June 1948 -Blockade lifted in May 1949 and West Germany became a new nation (Federal republic) w/ west berlin -German Democratic Republic or East Germany contained East Berlin |
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Berlin airlift |
Gb and US tried to fly food and supplies into West Berlin Blockade lifted in May 1949 and West Germany became a new nation (Federal republic) w/ west berlin |
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NATO pledged military support to each one of the 12 members in case anyone got attacked Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined later |
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Chiang Kai-shek |
led a nationalist govt in China and showed resistance during Japanese attacks US saw his govt as hopelessly corrupt Collected grain tax during famine and had his secret police fire on protestors |
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Mao Zedong |
Mao Zedong worked to win peasant support -1945, much of Northern China under communist control |
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Nationalist Vs Communists |
Americans still favored Nationalist despite problems in Nationalist regime - US acted as peacemaker 1944-1947 and sent financial aid to Nationalists - May 1949, Chiang and the rest of his demoralized govt fled to Taiwan - Communists formed People's Republic of China which US refused to accept - Americans blamed Truman for not sending enough support to China - State Department claimed the US had failed to influence internal forces and any more could cause another war - Some thought American govt was riddled with Communist agentsUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUd |
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Japan and Korea |
Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled it until 1945 At the end of WWII, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets; south surrendered to US Led to communist and democratic nations 1948, Republic of Korea (South Korea) Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) US cut back on troops in South Korea and Soviets planned to help support North in capturing the rest of the peninsula |
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Korean War |
1950, Korean War began when North swept across 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South South Korea asked UN for help - Soviets were not there because they were boycotting Nationalist China (Taiwan) so vote passed - Truman ordered troops in Japan to support South Korea and also sent an American fleet between Taiwan and China - Under General MacArthur - North had captured Seoul and forced South and UN into small defensive zone around Pusan - MacArthur launched counterattack with fresh troops and heavy artillery and tanks -- Trapped North Korea with troops on land and sea from the north and south of Pusan -UN used North Korean retreat to chase them across 38th parallel -Nov 1950, China joined on North Korea's side -Wanted North Korea as Communist buffer state -By sheer force, sent UN southward - Both sides couldn’t make any significant advances -1951, MacArthur called an extension of war into China and asked for use of nuclear weapons in order to stop stalemate - Truman denied request in fear of starting WWIII due to SU mutual assistance pact with china - Instead, US and South Korean forces attacked again with the help of US 8th Army led by Matthew B Ridgway -MacArthur still pushed for full-scale war with China, criticized president, and tried to go over the president's head -1951, Truman fired MacArthur --Public outraged -Soviets called a cease-fire in June 1951 -Location of cease-fire line at existing battle line -Establishment of demilitarized zone between opposing sides -1953, Armistice -Korean war was a stalemate but seemed like a failure to US -Increased fear of communist aggression |
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FederalEmployee Loyalty Program |
Truman's executive order - Included Loyalty Review Board -Investigate govt employees and dismiss those found disloyal to US |
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HouseUn-American Activities Committee (HUAC) |
investigate Communist influence outside govt like movie industry - Felt there was communist propaganda hidden in films like pro-Soviet films made during WWII - Many witnesses were "friendly" and supported the accusation without much evidence 10 "unfriendly" witnesses refused to testify- Hollywood Ten -- Felt the hearings were unconstitutional -- Sent to prison as a result Hollywood created a blacklist- list of people whom they condemned for having a Communist background |
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McCarranInternal Security Act |
unlawfulto plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitariandictatorship - |
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HIss case |
1948, former Communist spy Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union - Had microfilm of govt doc he claimed was typed on Hiss' typewriter Too much time passed to charge with espionage but convicted him with perjury (lying about passing documents) - Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss - Soviet cables released by National Security Agency proved Hiss' guilt in the 1990s |
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Ethel and Julius Rosenberg |
Klaus Fuchs admitted to giving info about America's atomic bomb to SU Ethel and Julius Rosenberg- minor activists in the American Communist Party implicated in the Fuchs case - Denied charges of being Communist, pleaded the 5th, but found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death - People from all over the world appealed for clemency because the evidence was too weak but they still died |
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SenatorJoseph McCarthy |
anticommunist activist known for his unsupported accusations created as an attempt to be reelected - These attacks became known as McCarthyism - Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence - Claimed to have list of names of communists Charged Democratic Party for allowing communist infiltration - 1954, made accusations against US army resulting in a televised Senate investigation -Bullying cost him public support - By 1953, 39 states had passed laws making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the govt |
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H bomb |
Nuclear arms race began during Truman's presidency 1942, scientists tried to create the H-bomb (hydrogen) Argued morality Race between SU and US to create H bomb 1952, US won 1953, SU followed |
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John Foster Dulles |
secretary of state anti-communist Wanted to use all their force against any aggressor nation |
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brinkmanship |
willingnessto go to the edge of all-out war |
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Central Intelligence Agency |
CIA used spies to gather info Secret/covert operations to weaken govt unfriendly to US |
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Iran oil fields and Guatemala |
1951, Iran nationalized oil fields; placed private industries (mostly GB) under Iranian control - GB stopped buying Iranian oil in protest - US feared Iran would turn to SU for help - CIA gave several million dollars to anti Mossadegh (Iranian prime minister) supporters - Shah returned to power and turned over control of oil fields to Western companies - US thought there were Communist sympathizers in Guatemala after they gave 200,000 acres of American owned land to peasants - CIA trained an army and invaded Guatemala, Guatemalan army refused to defend president and he resigned; army leader became dictator |
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Warsaw Pact |
linkedSU with 7 Eastern European countries in response to NATO |
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Eisenhower's "open skies" policy |
SU and US would allow flights over each other's territory to guard against surprise nuclear attack SU rejected it but the world hailed the "spirit of Geneva" as a step toward peacem |
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Suez Canal |
1955, GB and US agreed to help finance dam in Aswan on Nile River - Abdel-Nasser tried to put SU and US against each other to gain more aid - 1956, Dulles withdrew loan after hearing about SU deals - Egypt nationalized Suez Canal which was owned by France and GB - Nasser refused to let ships bound to Israel pass canal Israel sent troops along with GB and FR - UN stepped in to prevent battle but Egypt kept control of canal |
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Eisenhower Doctrine |
USwould defend Middle East against attack by any communist country |
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revolts in Hungary |
1956, revolt in Hungary against SU for a call for democracy Imre Nagy formed new govt, promised free elections, denounced Warsaw Pact, and demanded SU troops leave Hungary - SU overthrew Nagy govt and replaced it with Soviet leaders - US did nothing to help despite Truman doctrine; did not extend to Soviet satellites - US also did not provide any help and the UN kept getting stopped by SU veto |
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Nikita Krushchev |
replaced Stalin after his death Thought communism can triumph peacefully Compete economically and scientifically |
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space race |
1957 SU launched Sputnik (1st artificial satellite) 1958 US launched their own |
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U-2 incident |
CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over SU using the plane U-2 in 1955 - US worried since it was an open secret among some members of American press and SU knew about it since 1958 - Francis Gary Powers, a U-2 pilot - Eisenhower eventually wanted to stop flights but Dulles encouraged one more flight - Powers enters Soviet airspace and he was shot down and he was forced to parachute into Soviet territory and was sent prison -Krushchev demanded an apology and a promise to stop - Eisenhower promised to stop but would not apologize - U-2 incident opened tension in 1960s and stopped summit between Eisenhower and KrushchevmTSpS |
