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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transcription
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The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.
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Mutation
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A rare change in the DNA of genes that ultimately creates genetic diversity
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Messenger RNA
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A type of RNA synthesized from DNA in the genetic material that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
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Nonsense mutation
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A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
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RNA polymerase
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An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain.
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Transciption unit
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stretch of DNA that is transcribed into a RNA molecule
includes the initiation and termination sequence |
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exon
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The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed. Exons are separated from each other by introns.
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intron
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A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.
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point (mutation)
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A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair.
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Translation
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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids.
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RNA processing
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Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes.
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Primary transcript
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The initial transcription of a ribonucleic acid molecule from deoxyribonucleic acid
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Frameshift mutation
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A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, thus resulting in improper grouping into codons.
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triplet code
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A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains.
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mutagens
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A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.
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template strand
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A pattern or mold guiding the formation of a negative or complementary copy
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transcription factors
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A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes.
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transcription initiation
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Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.
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aminoacetyl tRNA synthetases
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An enzyme catalyzing the linkage of a transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) molecule to its corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis
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terminator
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A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene; it signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.
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RNA splicing
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The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis
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Transfer RNA
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An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.
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anticodon
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A specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
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ribosomal RNA
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The most abundant type of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the structure of ribosomes that coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to the series of mRNA codons.
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codon
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A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
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insertion
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A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
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deletion
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Deletion of one or more nucleotides
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mutation
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A rare change in the DNA of genes that ultimately creates genetic diversity
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