Ch.13 Trace Minerals

Front 1

Trace Minerals

Back 1

-Minerals found in amounts under 5 g in body
-Deficiencies are often hard to notice in trace minerals
-Often small doses cause toxic reactions
-Many of these trace minerals interact with each other
*Copper and Iron

Front 2

Iron

Back 2

-Deficiency common
-Found in two forms in the body
1. Ferrous Iron Fe-2+
2. Ferric Iron Fe-3+
-Can easily be shifted back and forth so good for oxidation
-Iron is recycled in the body
-Food Sources:
*meat, fish, shell fish, eggs, legumes, dried fruits
-Other iron sources:
*fortified foods
*contaminating iron-from cooking pans
*supplements
1. Ferrous sulfate
2. Iron chelate

Front 3

Iron Functions

Back 3

-Making of AA, collagen, hormones, and neurotransmitters
-Involved in electron transport chain
-Main function is as a part of two proteins which accept and carry oxygen:
1. Hemoglobin (red blood cells)
2. Myoglobin (muscle)

Front 4

Iron Absorption

Back 4

-Main way body conserves iron
-Hard to excrete iron so the more you have the less you absorb and vice versa
-Three proteins needed to absorb and transport iron:
1. Ferritin
2. Mucosal transferrin
3. Blood transferrin
-Mucosal cells in intestine absorb and store iron
-When iron is needed it is transferred to transferrin
-Mucosal transferrin passes to blood transferrin
-If not needed excreted mucosal cells are shed

Front 5

Iron Absorption Efficiency

Back 5

-Based on several factors:
*Heme vs Non-heme iron
*Absorption enhancing factors
*Absorption inhibiting factors
*individual variations
-The source of iron ultimately will predict the level of absorption

Front 6

Heme vs. non-heme iron

Back 6

-Heme iron found in animal sources
-Non-heme found in both
-Heme iron has a higher absorption rate then non-heme iron.
*There are other nutrients that enhance non-heme iron absorption

Front 7

Absorption Enhancers and Inhibitors

Back 7

-Enhancers include:
*MFP factor (found in animal sources)
*vitamin C
*Some acids (citric, lactic, and HCI)
*Sugars
-Each can enhance the absorption of non-heme iron
--Inhibitors include:
*phytates and fibers
*oxalates
*calcium and phosphorus
*EDTA (food additive)
*tannic acid (tea and coffee)
-Combine all factors and it makes it hard to judge iron absorption

Front 8

Iron Transport and Storage

Back 8

-Ferritin is major storage protein
-When released into serum it is stored in liver and bone marrow
-If in excess stored as hemosidererin
-Major transport is transferrin
*Free floating iron can act as a free radical in the body

Front 9

Iron Deficiency

Back 9

-Lethargic lazy behavior
-Anemia:
1. Microcytic anemia
2. Hypochromic anemia
-Pica-an appetite for non-food items like dirt, clay, paste, and ice
-Most common nutrient deficiency in world
-1.2 billion people
-Effects mostly toddlers and pregnant
-10% of Americans
-Iron deficiency due to:
*high milk diets in infants
*menstruation in adolescent girls
*pregnant women due to increased blood demand
*rapid growth in teenage males
-Stages:
*reduction in iron stores
*transport iron decreases
*hemoglobin production declines
**Erythrocyte protoporphyrin + iron =hemoglobin
**low iron reduces hematocrit values

Front 10

Iron Toxicity

Back 10

-Hemochromatosis
-When iron overloads the system
-Can be caused by:
1. genetics disorder
2. repeated blood transfusions
3. massive dose of supplement
-Effects men more often then women
-Symptoms similar to deficiency
-Hemosiderosis
-Can complicate several disorders:
1. heart disease
2. cancer
-iron poisoning-vomiting, weak pulse , dizziness, shock, can lead to death

Front 11

Other Minerals

Back 11

-Iodine
-Copper
-Fluoride
-Selenium
-Chromium
-Cobalt

Front 12

Iodine

Back 12

-Part of thyroid hormones
-Found in iodized salt
-Deficiency found in under developed countries
-Goiter

Front 13

Fluoride

Back 13

-Important for teeth and bone
-Forms fluroapatite
-Drinking water fluoridated

Front 14

Selenium

Back 14

-Acts as an anti-oxidant
-Deficiency associated with heart disease

Front 15

Chromium

Back 15

-Involved in CHO and fat metabolism
-Once a popular supplement for weight lifters and athletes

Front 16

Cobalt

Back 16

-Major part of B-12