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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine
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angiotensin
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a substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, and enzyme produced by the kidneys
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calyx
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a cuplike cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural, calyces) (root cali, calic)
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erythropoietin (EPO)
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a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
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glomerular capsule
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the cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood
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glomerular filtrate
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the fluid and dissolved materials that filter out the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule
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glomerulus
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the cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (root glomerul/o)
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kidney
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an organ of excretion (root ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products of metabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the water and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids
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micturition
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the voiding of urine; urination
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nephron
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a microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine.
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renal cortex
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the outer portion of the kidney
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renal medulla
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the inner portion of the kidney; contains portions of the nephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renal pelvis
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renal pelvis
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the expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney (root pyel/o, from the Greek work pelvis, meaning "basin")
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renal pyramid
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a triangular structure in the medulla of the kidney composed of the loops and collecting tubules of the nephrons
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renin
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an enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood
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tubular reabsorption
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the return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries
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urea
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the main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine
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ureter
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the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root ureter/o)
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urethra
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the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root urethr/o)
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urinary bladder
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the organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (root cyst/o, vesic/o)
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urination
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the voiding of urine; micturition
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urine
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the fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigment. A variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root ur/o)
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ren/o
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kidney
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nephr/o
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kidney
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus
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pyel/o
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renal pelvis
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cali-, calic
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calyx
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ur/o
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urine, urinary tract
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urin/o
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urine
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ureter/o
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ureter
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cyst/o
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urinary bladder
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vesic/o
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urinary bladder
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urethr/o
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urethra
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acidosis
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excessive acidity of body fluids
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bacteriuria
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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cast
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a solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine
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cystitis
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inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection
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dysuria
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painful or difficult urination
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glomerulonephritis
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inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli. The acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic forms varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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hydronephrosis
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collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; causes distension and atrophy of renal tissue. Also called nephrohydrosis or nephrydrosis
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hyperkalemia
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excess amount of potassium in the blood
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oliguria
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elimination of small amounts of urine
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proteinuria
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presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually as a results of infection
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pyuria
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presence of pus in the urine
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renal colic
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radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone
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uremia
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presence in the blood of toxic levels of nitrogen-containing substances, mainly urea, as a result og renal insufficiency
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra, usually as a result of infection
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urinary stasis
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stoppage or stagnation of the flow of urine
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catheterization
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introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine
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cytoscope
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an instrument for examining the inside of the uriniary bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment
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dialysis
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Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing. The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
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hemodialysis
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removal of unwanted substances from the blood from the passage through a semipermeable membrane
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intravenous pyelography (IVP)
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intravenous urography
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intravenous urography (IVU)
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radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis
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lithotripsy
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crushing of a stone
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peritoneal dialysis
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removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid
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retrograde pyelography
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pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters
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specific gravity (SG)
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the weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease
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urinalysis
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laboratory study of the urine. physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included
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cystectomy
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surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
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ileal conduit
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diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall
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lithotomy
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incision of an organ to remove an stone (calculus)
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renal transplantation
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surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient
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aldosterone
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a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
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clearance
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the volume of plasma that can be cleared of a substrate by the kidneys per unit of time; renal plasma clearance
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creatinine
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a nitrogen-containing byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in creatinine in the blood is a sign of renal failure
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detrusor muscle
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the muscle in the bladder wall
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diuresis
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increased excretion of urine
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys
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maximal transport capacity (Tm)
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the maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule; tubular maximum
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renal corpuscle
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the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus conisdered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney
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trigone
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a triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra
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anuresis
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lack of urination
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anuria
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lack of urine formation
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azotemia
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presences of an increased amount of nitrogen-containing compounds, especially urea, in the blood
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azoturia
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presence of an increased amount of nitrogen-containing compounds, especially urea, in the urine
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cystocele
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herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele
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dehydration
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excessive loss of body fluids
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diabetes insipidus
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a condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst
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enuresis
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involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting
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epispadias
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a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove cleft; anaspadias
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glycosuria
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presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus
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horseshoe kidney
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a congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ
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hydroureter
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distension of the ureter with urine caused by obstruction
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hypoproteinemia
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decreased amount of protein in the blood; may result from loss of protein because of kidney damage
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hypospadias
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a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina
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hypovolemia
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a decrease in blood volume
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incontinence
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inability to retain urine. Incontinence may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function. Term also applies to the inability to retain semen or feces
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neurogenic bladder
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any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion
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nocturia
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excessive urination at night (noct/o means "night")
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pitting edema
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edema in which the skin, when pressed firmly with the finger, will maintain the depression produced
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polycycstic kidney disease
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a hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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polyuria
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elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus
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retention of urine
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accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
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staghorn calculus
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a kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces to give a "staghorn" appearance
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ureterocele
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a cystlike dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder. Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening
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urinary frequency
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a need to urinate often without an increase in average output
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urinary urgency
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sudden need to urinate
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water intoxication
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excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration. May result from excess drinking, excess ADH, or replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water. Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment with edema and other disturbances.
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Wilms tumor
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a malignant tumor of the kidney that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years
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anion gap
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measure of electrolyte imbalance
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure
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clean-catch specimen
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a urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collected in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination
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cystometrography
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a study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured. The tracing recorded is a cystometrogram
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protein electrophoresis
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laboratory study of the proteins in urine; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoid tumor
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urinometer
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device for measuring the specific gravity of urine
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diuretic
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a substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis
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indwelling Foley catheter
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a urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder
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lithotrite
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instrument for crushing a bladder stone
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