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112 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorption of water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine
angiotensin
a substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, and enzyme produced by the kidneys
calyx
a cuplike cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural, calyces) (root cali, calic)
erythropoietin (EPO)
a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
glomerular capsule
the cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood
glomerular filtrate
the fluid and dissolved materials that filter out the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule
glomerulus
the cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (root glomerul/o)
kidney
an organ of excretion (root ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products of metabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the water and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids
micturition
the voiding of urine; urination
nephron
a microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine.
renal cortex
the outer portion of the kidney
renal medulla
the inner portion of the kidney; contains portions of the nephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renal pelvis
renal pelvis
the expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney (root pyel/o, from the Greek work pelvis, meaning "basin")
renal pyramid
a triangular structure in the medulla of the kidney composed of the loops and collecting tubules of the nephrons
renin
an enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood
tubular reabsorption
the return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries
urea
the main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine
ureter
the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root ureter/o)
urethra
the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root urethr/o)
urinary bladder
the organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (root cyst/o, vesic/o)
urination
the voiding of urine; micturition
urine
the fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigment. A variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root ur/o)
ren/o
kidney
nephr/o
kidney
glomerul/o
glomerulus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
cali-, calic
calyx
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urin/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
urethr/o
urethra
acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
cast
a solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli. The acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic forms varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
hydronephrosis
collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; causes distension and atrophy of renal tissue. Also called nephrohydrosis or nephrydrosis
hyperkalemia
excess amount of potassium in the blood
oliguria
elimination of small amounts of urine
proteinuria
presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually as a results of infection
pyuria
presence of pus in the urine
renal colic
radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone
uremia
presence in the blood of toxic levels of nitrogen-containing substances, mainly urea, as a result og renal insufficiency
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra, usually as a result of infection
urinary stasis
stoppage or stagnation of the flow of urine
catheterization
introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine
cytoscope
an instrument for examining the inside of the uriniary bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment
dialysis
Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing. The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
hemodialysis
removal of unwanted substances from the blood from the passage through a semipermeable membrane
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
intravenous urography
intravenous urography (IVU)
radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis
lithotripsy
crushing of a stone
peritoneal dialysis
removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid
retrograde pyelography
pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters
specific gravity (SG)
the weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease
urinalysis
laboratory study of the urine. physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included
cystectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
ileal conduit
diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall
lithotomy
incision of an organ to remove an stone (calculus)
renal transplantation
surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient
aldosterone
a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
clearance
the volume of plasma that can be cleared of a substrate by the kidneys per unit of time; renal plasma clearance
creatinine
a nitrogen-containing byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in creatinine in the blood is a sign of renal failure
detrusor muscle
the muscle in the bladder wall
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys
maximal transport capacity (Tm)
the maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule; tubular maximum
renal corpuscle
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus conisdered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney
trigone
a triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra
anuresis
lack of urination
anuria
lack of urine formation
azotemia
presences of an increased amount of nitrogen-containing compounds, especially urea, in the blood
azoturia
presence of an increased amount of nitrogen-containing compounds, especially urea, in the urine
cystocele
herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele
dehydration
excessive loss of body fluids
diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst
enuresis
involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting
epispadias
a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove cleft; anaspadias
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus
horseshoe kidney
a congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ
hydroureter
distension of the ureter with urine caused by obstruction
hypoproteinemia
decreased amount of protein in the blood; may result from loss of protein because of kidney damage
hypospadias
a congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina
hypovolemia
a decrease in blood volume
incontinence
inability to retain urine. Incontinence may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function. Term also applies to the inability to retain semen or feces
neurogenic bladder
any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion
nocturia
excessive urination at night (noct/o means "night")
pitting edema
edema in which the skin, when pressed firmly with the finger, will maintain the depression produced
polycycstic kidney disease
a hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus
retention of urine
accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
staghorn calculus
a kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces to give a "staghorn" appearance
ureterocele
a cystlike dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder. Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening
urinary frequency
a need to urinate often without an increase in average output
urinary urgency
sudden need to urinate
water intoxication
excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration. May result from excess drinking, excess ADH, or replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water. Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment with edema and other disturbances.
Wilms tumor
a malignant tumor of the kidney that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years
anion gap
measure of electrolyte imbalance
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure
clean-catch specimen
a urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collected in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination
cystometrography
a study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured. The tracing recorded is a cystometrogram
protein electrophoresis
laboratory study of the proteins in urine; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoid tumor
urinometer
device for measuring the specific gravity of urine
diuretic
a substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis
indwelling Foley catheter
a urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder
lithotrite
instrument for crushing a bladder stone