Ch.10 Water Soluble Vitamins

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Vitamins and Minerals

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-Vitamins: Organic molecules
-Minerals:Single elements
-Both nutrients and essential
-A vital part of physiological functioning
* often serve as cofactors for enzymes
* found as structural components
-Generally ingested in small amounts
* measured in mg
-Differ greatly in structure from macronutrients
* found as single units--do not form secondary structures
-Function differently then macronutrients
* do not provide energy
* may be involved in energy production though

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Bioavailability of vitamins

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-Based on amounts in food and on how body absorbs them.
-Based on:
*digestion and transit time
*nutritional status
*interaction with other ingested foods
*method of preparation
*source

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Vitamins

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-some come in an inactive form
*when ingested the body activates them
EX. niacin (inactive) NAD (active)
-Some can be toxic
*if ingested in excess
-Two categories:
*water soluble
*fat soluble
-solubility effects how the vitamins are treated
*absorption, transport, storage

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Water Soluble Vitamins

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-B vitamins:
1. Thiamin
2. Riboflavin
3. Niacin
4. Biotin
5. Pantothenic acid
6. B-6
7. B-12
8. Folate
9. Vitamin C

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Fat Soluble Vitamins

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-Vitamin A
-Vitamin E
-Vitamin D
-Vitamin K

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Water Soluble Vitamin Characteristics

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-Found in watery components of food
-Absorbed directly into blood
-Most travel freely in blood
-Found freely in water mediums of cell and body in general
-Excreted rapidly
*Body does not usually store

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Fat Soluble Vitamin Characteristics

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-Found in fatty constituents of foods
-Must enter lymph before entering blood
-Most require a carrier when in blood
-Often held in fatty tissue and liver
*Body does store

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Thiamin

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-B-1 vitamin
-Function:
*part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
*involved in conversion of:
1. pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
2. TCA rxn
3. found in neuron membranes
-Toxicity(none observed)
-Food sources:
*Pork, whole grains, fortified foods, enriched grains, moderate amounts in most foods

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Thiamin Deficiency

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-Beriberi:
*wet beriberi- with edema (swelling)
*dry beriberi- with muscle wasting (no swelling)
-common in alcoholics
-Symptoms:
1. enlarged heart
2. cardiac failure
3. muscular weakness
4. neurological issues
5. anorexia

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Riboflavin

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-B-2 Vitamin
-Functions: serves as part of 2 coenzymes
1. flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
2. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
*both can accept and donate hydrogen
*FAD involved in rxn of TCA cycle and ETC
-Not toxic
-Food sources:
*milk products, enriched grains, whole grains, fortified foods, liver, found in trace amounts in most foods

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Riboflavin Deficiency

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-No singular disease (Ariboflavinosis)
-Often accompanies other deficiency
-Inflammation of mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract.

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Niacin

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-B-3 vitamin
-Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
-Functions:
*part of two coenzymes:
1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
2. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
*Both can accept and donate hydrogen
*NAD involved in:
1. Glycolysis
2. TCA cycle
3. ETC
-NADP is involved in fatty acid production
-can be made in body (from tryptophan)
-Food Sources: Protein carrying foods.
*milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched grains, fortified foods, whole grains

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Niacin Deficiency

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-Pellagra
-can be due to food source
*high levels of leucine interfere with tryptophan to niacin conversion
--Symptoms:
1. diarrhea
2. dermatitis
3. dementia
4. death
-Toxicity
*niacin flush
*excess sweating
*liver damage

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Vitamin B-6

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-Pyridoxal
-Pyridoxine
-Pyridoxamine
-Functions: Part of two cofactors:
1. pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
2. pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP)
*PLP is involved in transamination reactions
*serotonin production
*heme production (Hb)
-Food Sources:
*meats, fish, legumes, non-citrus fruits, fortified cereals, soy products ,potatoes

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Vitamin B-6 Deficiency

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-Symptoms
1. scaly dermatitis
2. anemia (small-cell anemia)
3. depression
4. confusion
5. abnormal brain wave pattern
6. convulsions
-Alcohol destroys PLP
-INH a drug used for tuberculosis
-Oral contraceptives
-Toxicity:
*skin lesions
*nerve damage
*fatigue and irritability

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Biotin

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-Delivers carbon dioxide in TCA
-Deficiency is rare (may cause hair loss, rashes, and neurological issues though)
-Found in widespread foods (includes egg yolks, whole grains, fish, etc.)

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Pantothenic Acid

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-Coenzyme A (CoA)
-Involved in many processes
-Deficiency rare (may cause neurological distress, fatigue, GI issues)
-Widespread in foods (includes meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains)

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Folate

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-Folic acid
-Folacin
-Pteroylglutamic acid (chemical name)
-A very complex molecule which is involved in many processes
*often found bound to poly-glutamate chains
-Function:
*active form is tetrahydrofolate (THF)
*dehydrofolate (DHF)
*the main function of THF and DHF is the transport of methyl groups
*vital in DNA synthesis and thus cell formation
*interacts with B-12
-May prevent:
*neural tube defects (birth defects)
*heart disease
*cancer
-Food Sources:
*green leafy vegetables, fortified foods, legumes

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Folate Absorption

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-In order for absorption it must be reduced to a monoglutamate molecule
-After reduced, a methyl group is added (CH-3)
-Methyl group must be removed before it can be used

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Folate and Neural Tube Defects

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-Neural tube is a developmental tissue in embryos
-Neural tube eventually becomes part of brain and spinal cord
-Though folate has been shown to reduce risk it is not known how it does so
-Only 1/3 of women get enough folate
-Recommended that women should consume 4 mg of folate before conception and through first trimester
-FDA mandated that all grains be fortified with folate
-Risk of over consumption though

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Folate and Heart Disease

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-Increased levels of homocysteine a risk factor
-Increases clot formation and arterial wall deterioration
-Folate helps to break down homocysteine

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Folate and Cancer

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-May protect against cancer
-No strong link yet made

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Folate Deficiency

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-Megaloblastic anemia
-GI deterioration
-Folate susceptible to:
*alcohol
*drugs (some cancer drugs)
*aspirin
*oral contraceptives
-Toxicity:
*Excessive amounts may mask a B-12 deficiency

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Vitamin B-12

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-Active forms are:
1. Methylcobalamin
2. Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
-Activated by folate
-Released in stomach by HCI and pepsin
-Absorption depends on intrinsic factor
-Recycled via entero-hepatic circulation
-Functions:
*aids folate in DNA synthesis and methionine production in body
*maintains myelin sheaths of nerve fibers
*bone growth and metabolism as well
-Food Sources:
*meats, fish, milk, eggs, fortified foods

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Vitamin B-12 Deficiency

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-Due to poor absorption
-Atrophic gastritis lack of HCI production
-Lack of intrinsic factor
-Pernicious anemia
-Megaloblastic anemia (like folate)
-Neurological disorders (may be masked by folate)
-Toxicity: None known

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Non-B-Vitamins of Importance

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-Choline- part of lecithin (phospholipid) and acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
-Inositol- part of cell membrane structure
-Carnatine- transports FA across mitochondria

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B Vitamins at a Glance

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-Important for energy metabolism
*NAD, FAD, TPP, CoA, etc.
-Important for red blood cell production
-Important for DNA and cell production
-Important for transamination reactions
1. PLP

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B Vitamins Working Together

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-Folate and B-12
1. Help activate each other
2. DNA and red blood cell
-Riboflavin and B-6
1. FMN helps convert B-6 to PLP
-B-6 and niacin
1. PLP helps convert tryptophan into niacin

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B Vitamin Deficiencies

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-Not very common in US or Canada
-If so often associated with poor food choices due to poverty or ignorance as well as poor health habits
-Two distinguishing features:
1. Skin
2. Tongue

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Vitamin C

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-Ascorbic acid
-Dehydroascorbic acid (name meaning "without scurvy")
-Function:
*antioxidant
*cofactor for collagen formation
*cofactor of other conversions
-Food Sources:
*citrus fruits, dark green veggies, water melon, cantaloupe, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes

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Vitamin C as an antioxidant

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-"Free radicals" are substances with unpaired electrons
-Vitamin C can reduce oxidative agents
-Vitamin C can also be reduced and recycled
-Often works in concert with vitamin E

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Vitamin C and Collagen Formation

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-Collagen is a protein structure used for bone and connective tissue formation
-Two specialized AA made:
1. Hydroxylysine
2. Hydroxyproline
-Vitamin C and Iron work together to cofactor formation of AA

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Other Conversions which need Vitamin C

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-Hydroxylation of carnitine
-Tryptophan to serotonin
-Tyrosine to nor epinephrine
-Production of thyroxin
--Vitamin C found in large amounts in the adrenal gland
*part of immune response to infection
*oxidative burst

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Vitamin C Deficiency

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-Scurvy
-Poor wound healing
-Bone fragility
-Bleeding of gums
-Internal breakdown and bleeding
-Hysteria and depression
-Degeneration of connective tissue
-Toxicity:
*Due to accessibility
*May cause:
nausea, GI distress, diarrhea, iron overload, kidney issues (gout and stones)