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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a complete obstruction of urinary flow sometimes caused by enlargement of the prostate gland
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acute urinary retention
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a form of energy created by cellular respiration
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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a biochemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen results in the production of energy in the form of ATP, also called cellular respiration
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aerobic metabolism
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structure that supplies blood to the glomerulus
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afferent arteriole
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a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that increases the rate of sodium and water resorption from the distal tubules back into the blood
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aldosterone
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the productive component of metabolism associated with the build-up of energy stores and body tissues
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anabolism
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an alternate form of metabolism that occurs when oxygen levels are low and less energy is produced that during aerobic respiration, lactic acid is produced as a waste product during this process
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anaerobic metabolism
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a form of kinin that plays a role in blood pressure maintenance by causing vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation and by stimulating the adrenal gland to increase the production of aldosterone
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angiotensin II
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a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes the kidney to reabsorb more water into the blood and excrete less urine
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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the baseline metabolic rate of the body, or energy required to maintain the body's normal functions at rest
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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a thin double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus
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Bowman's capsule
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large urinary tubes that enter the pelvis from the kidney tissue
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calyces
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the destructive component of metabolism associated with the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
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catabolism
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a biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP
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cellular respiration
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a small erectile organ of the female located at the anterior part of the vulva
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clitoris
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a mechanism by which solutes are transported against a gradient allowing the body to produce a concentrated or dilute urine depending on its needs at any point in time
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countercurrent multiplier mechanism
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a bacterial infection of the bladder and its urinary contents
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cystitis
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a condition often caused by pituitary dysfunction that is associated with production of large volumes of dilute urine and in which patient's experience intense thirst
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diabetes insipidus
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a procedure in which an artificial kidney external to the body is used to purify the blood
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dialysis
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one of the two complex sections of a nephron, it empties urine into a collection duct and then carries it to the calyces
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distal convoluted tubule
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structure that drains blood from the glomerulus
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efferent arteriole
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the narrow opening at the end of the male urethra
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external urethral orifice
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representing nearly 20% of the total body weight, fluid found outside of the cell membranes
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extracellular fluid
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an energy-requiring process that aids in the movement of particles through gradients
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facilitated diffusion
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the membranes separating the capillaries and Bowman's membrane
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filtration membrane
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gaps in the glomerular capillaries that filter blood and produce urine
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filtration slits
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the process of maintaing homeostasis through equal intake and output of fluids
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fluid balance
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the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerula
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glomerular filtration rate
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a semipermeable capillary filter located within Bowman's capsule in the nephron
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glomerulus
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storage form of glucose in the liver
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glycogen
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the splitting of a molecule by adding water
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hydrolysis
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elevated body temperature
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hyperthermia
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storage form for glucose in the liver
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glycogen
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the part of the brain responsible for maintenance of homeostasis including control of body temperature, fluid/electrolyte balance and blood pressure, produces ADH
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hypothalamus
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low body temperature, generalized cooling of the body's core
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hypothermia
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fluid located outside of the blood vessels in the spaces between the body's cells
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interstitial fluid
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representing nearly 45% of total body weight, fluid found within individual cells
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intracellular fluid
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noncellular portion of blood found within the blood vessels, also called plasma
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intravascular fluid
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structure formed from two groups of specialized cells, the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells, that plays an important roll in regulating fluid balance
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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a group of cells located in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus that play a part in regulating the volume status of the body
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juxtaglomerular cells
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solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney that may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract
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kidney stones
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solid, bean shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space that filer blood and excrete body wastes in the form of urine
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kidneys
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a unit of heat measure, abbreviated as C
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kilocalories
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a process of metabolization of foodstuffs into energy to be stored
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Kerbs cycle
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U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule
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loop of Henle
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specialized tubular cell in the juxtaglomerular area that play a part in regulating the volume status of the body
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macula densa
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the inner portion of kidney tissue
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medulla
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one of three parts of the male urethra, it extends from the prostate gland to the base of the penis
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membrane urethra
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the combination of all chemical processes that take place in the body, resulting in growth, generation of energy, body heat, elimination of wastes, and other bodily functions
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metabolism
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a spinal reflex that causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder, allowing for urination
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micturition reflex
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an intracellular organelle where foodstuffs are metabolized
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mitochondrion
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the functional unit of the kidney
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nephron
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an infection of the urethra caused by organisms of the Chlamydia family
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nonspecific nongonococcal urethritis
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the production of ATp, which takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration
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oxidative phosphorylation
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the noncellular or fluid portion of blood found within the blood vessels, also called intravascular fluid
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plasma
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a muscular gland located at the base of the male urethra
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prostate gland
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one of three parts of the male urethra, it travels through the prostate gland
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prostate urethra
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one of two complex sections of a nephron, it includes an enlargement at the end called Bowman's capsule
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proximal convoluted tubule
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salivary enzyme that splits starch into maltose
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ptyalin
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a potentially severe bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, medulla and cortex
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pyelonephritis
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a protective layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney
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renal capsule
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a structure formed by the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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renal corpuscle
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the outer portion of the kidney tissue
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renal cortex
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loss of kidney function that occurs secondary to injury or illness
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renal failure
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the point of the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit
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renal hilum
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the tip of each renal pyramid, which extends into the medulla and is encircled by the opening of a minor calyx
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renal papilla
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an enlargement in the central portion of the renal sinuses
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renal pelvis
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cone-shaped structures that extend into the cortex and form medullary rays
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renal pyramids
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cavity formed by the hilum that is filled with fat and connective tissue
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renal sinus
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a hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low
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renin
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system located in the kidney that helps to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure
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renin-angiotensin system
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one of three parts of the male urethra, it lies within the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice
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spongy urethra
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normal bodily means of heat loss and gain
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thermolysis
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the maintenance of normal body temperature
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thermoregulation
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a pair of thick walled, hollow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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ureters
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a hollow, tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder, passing it outside of the body
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urethra
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a bacterial infection of the urethra
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urethritis
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the laboratory evaluation of urine
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urinalysis
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a hollow, muscular sac in the midline of the lower abdominal area that stores urine until is is excreted
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urinary bladder
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body system that removes waste products from the blood by a complex filtration process that produces urine
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urinary system
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liquid waste products filtered out of the body by the urinary system
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urine
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condition characterized by the presence of a kidney stone
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urolithiasis
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a canal in the female extending from the uterus to the external orifice
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vagina
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tubules, leading from the arterioles in the glomerulus, that play an important role in the concentration of urine
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vasa recta
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