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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Seven characteristics shared by living systems
1. cellular organization
2. ordered complexity
3. sensitivity
4. growth, development, reproduction
5. energy utilization
6. homeostasis
7. evolutionary adaptation
homeostasis
all organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment
atoms
the smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element; building blocks of matter
molecules
atoms joined together into clusters
organelles
specialized part of a cell; literally, a small cytoplasmic organ
cells
organelles within membrane-bounded units
tissues
a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit
Hierarchical organization of living systems
1. the cellular level
2. the organismal level
3. the populational level
4. ecosystem level
5. emergent properties at every level
6. the biosphere
organs
body of structure composed of several different tissues grouped in a structural and functional unit
organ systems
group of organs

ex: nervous systems -sensory organs
population
a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place
species
all populations of a particular kind of organism together; its members similar in appearance and able to interbreed.
biological community
all the populations of different species living together in one place
ecosystem
biological community and the physical habitat within which it lives together constitutes an ecological system
emergent properties
the way in which components interact, and they often cannot be deduced just from looking at the parts themselves
deductive reasoning
applies general principles to predict specific results
inductive reasoning
the logic flows in the opposite direction, from the specific to the general
hypothesis
a suggested explanation that accounts for those observations
experiment
test of a hypothesis
variables
factor that influences a process, outcome, or obsevation
test experiment
one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis
control experiment
he variable is left unaltered
reductionism
to understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts
theory
proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon, often based on some general principle; the body of interconnected concepts, supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, that explains the facts in some area of study.
evolution
genetic change in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to progressive change from simple to complex
artificial selection
change in the genetic structure of populations due to selective breeding by humans; many domestic animal breeds and crop varieties have been produced through artificial selection
natural selection
the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment; leads to evolutionary change
homologous
refers to the similar structures that have the same evolutionary origin.\
analogous
structures that are similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the wing of a bat and the wing of butterfly.
phylogenetic tree
a pattern of descent generated by analysis of similarities and differences among organisms. modern gene-sequencing techniques have produced phylogenetic trees showing the evolutionary history of individual genes
cell theory
all living organisms consist of cells
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
information that specifies what a cell is like - its detailed plan- is encoded in DNA a long cable like molecule
gene
discrete unit of information