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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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ana=up / tomy=process of cutting up
the science of body structures and the relationships among them (first studied by dissection) |
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Define Physiology
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physio=nature / logy=study of
the science of body functions/how the body parts work |
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What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the human body?
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chemical
cellular tissue organ system organismal (CCTOSO) |
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Define Chemical level of structural organization
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-includes atoms (H, O, S, C, N, P, Ca, S) and molecules (glucose, DNA)
-like letters and alphabets (very basic level) |
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Define Cellular level of structural organization
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-composed of molecules
-basic structural and functional living units of an organism -smallest living units in the human body (muscle, nerve, epithelial cells) -like words of language |
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Define Tissue level of structural organization
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-are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
(epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissue) -like how words put together to form sentences |
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Define Organ level of structural organization
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-composed of 2 or more different types of tissues
-has specific functions -has recognizable shapes (stomach, lungs, kidney, heart, bones, skin, liver, brain) -like paragraphs |
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Define System level of structural organization
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aka. organ-system level
-consists of related organs (paragraphs) w a common function (digestive system) *sometimes organs are part of more than one system -like a chapter |
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Define Organismal level of structural organization
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-is any living individual
-all parts of the human body functioning together constitute the organism -like a book |
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Identify the 11 principle systems of the human body
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Digestive
Reproductive Nervous Urinary Cardiovascular Lymphatic Endocrine Respiratory Integumentary Skeletal Muscular (DRNUCLERISM) |
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Representative organs & major function of Digestive System
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ORGANS OF GI TRACT
mouth pharynx(throat) esophagus stomach small and large intestines anus ASSISTING ACCESSORY ORGANS salivary glands liver gallbladder (posterior&inferior to liver) pancreas (posterior to stomach) -achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food -absorbs nutrients -eliminates solid wastes |
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Representative organs & major function of Reproductive System
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gonads - testes(sperm) and ovaries(oocytes)
females: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina males: epididymis, ductus deferens, penis gonads -produce gametes (sperm and oocytes - unite to form a new organism) -release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes -associated organs transport and store gametes |
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Representative organs & major function of Nervous System
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brain
spinal cord nerves sense organs (eyes, ears, etc.) -generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate bodily activities -detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
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Representative organs & major function of Urinary System
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kidneys
ureters urinary bladder urethra -produces, stores, eliminates urine -eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood -helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids -maintains body's mineral balance -helps regulate production of RBCs |
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Representative organs & major function of Cardiovascular System
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blood
heart blood vessels -heart pumps blood through blood vessels -blood carries oxygen and nutrients TO cells and carbon dioxide and wastes AWAY from cells - helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids -blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels |
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Representative organs & major function of Lymphatic System
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lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels
spleen thymus lymph tonsils -returns proteins and fluid to blood -carries lipids from GI tract to blood -includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate |
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Representative organs & major function of Endocrine System
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HORMONE-PRODUCING GLANDS
pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland parathyroid glands adrenal lands pancreas ovaries testes and hormone-producing cells in several other organs -regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ) |
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Representative organs & major function of Respiratory System
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lungs
pharynx (throat) larynx (voice box) trachea (windpipe) bronchial tubes (leading into and out of lungs) -transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air -helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids -air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds |
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Representative organs & major function of Integumentary System
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skin
hair sweat glands nails oil glands -protects the body -helps regulate body temperature -eliminates some wastes -helps make vitamin D -detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, and cold) |
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Representative organs & major function of Skeletal System
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bones
joints cartilages -supports and protects body -provides a surface area for muscle attachments -aids body movements -houses cells that produce blood cells -stores mineral and lipids (fats) |
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Representative organs & major function of Muscular System
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muscles (composed of skeletal-muscle tissue bc usually attached to bones)
-produces body movements -stabilizes body position -generates heat |
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Identify and briefly define the 6 basic life processes of the human body
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Metabolism
=the sum of all chemical processes in body -catabolism (breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components) -anabolism (building up) Responsiveness =body's ability to detect and respond to internal (body temp) and external (noise) changes Movement =motion of whole body, individual organs, single cells, and organelles Growth =increase in body size that results from an increase in the size and/or number of existing cells Differentiation =development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state (specialized in structure and function different from its ancestor/precursor cells aka. stem cells) -ie. RBCs, some WBCs differentiate from same precursor cells in red bone marrow -ie. ovum(fertilized egg) differentiates into an embryo, then fetus, infant, child, and adult Reproduction =formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement OR =production of a new individual |
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Define Homeostasis
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homeo=sameness / statis=standing still
=condition of equilibrium/balance in body's internal envt due to constant interaction of body's regulatory processes |
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Explain the effects of stress (internal, external, psychological) on homeostasis
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Causes mostly the nervous and endocrine system to work together or independently
-nervous system(fast): nerve impulses(action potentials) -endocrine system(slow): glands secrete hormones *both usually work through negative feedback systems |
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Define ICF and ECF
Describe and state the importance of ECF |
Intracellular fluid
=within cells Extracellular fluid =outside cells -differs depending on where it is in the body (ie. interstitial fluid-between cells in tissues; blood plasma-within blood vessels; lymph-within lymphatic vessels; cerebrospinal fluid-in and around brain and spinal cord; synovial fluid-in joints; aqueous humor and vitreous body-ECF of eyes IMPORTANT bc... -composition of interstitial fluid (aka. body's internal envt) must be precisely regulated for proper functioning of cells -->composition always changing (substances move between it and blood plasma via capillaries) |
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Describe the 3 basic components of a feedback system
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Receptor
=a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition (=a monitored variable: ie. body temp, BP, blood glucose level) and sends input to a control center -ie. nerve endings in skin detect temperature drop Control Center -sets range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained -evaluates input from receptors -generates output commands (ie. nerve impulses, hormones) when necessary -ie. brain sends nerve impulses Effector =body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response(effect that changes the the controlled condition) -ie. skeletal muscles to shiver, generates heat |
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Compare the operation of a negative and positive feedback system
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Negative: reverses a change in a controlled condition (ie. increase in BP)
-action continues and gradually slows until controlled condition is back to normal -regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods Positive: strengthens/reinforces a change in a controlled condition -action continues until a mechanism interrupts it -usually reinforce conditions that do not happen very often |
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Give an example of a negative feedback system
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Internal or external stimulus disrupts BP >> BP increase >> baroreceptors(receptors) >> send nerve impulses(input) >> brain(control center) >> nerve impulses(output) >> heart & blood vessels (effectors) >> HR decreases, blood vessels dilate >> BP decrease (response)
other examples: respiration rate, body temperature, heart rate |
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Give an example of a positive feedback system
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Labor contractions (stimulus) >> cause stretching of cervix (controlled condition) >> detected by stretch-sensitive nerve cells (receptors) >> send impulses (input) to brain (control center) >> releases hormone oxytocin (output) into blood >> causes uterine walls (effector) to contract even more forcefully >> cycle of stretching, oxytocin release, and stronger contractions interrupted only by birth of baby
other examples: blood clotting |
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What are baroreceptors?
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=pressure-sensitive nerve cells in walls of certain blood vessels
-detect higher pressure |
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What is a feedback system/loop?
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A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
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What is a controlled condition?
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=Monitored variable
ie. Body temperature, BP, blood glucose level |
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What is a stimulus?
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=Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
ie. Labor contractions cause stretching of cervix ie. Internal or external stimulus causing increase in BP |
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What is the difference between a local and systemic disease?
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Local: affects one part or a limited region of the body
Systemic: affects entire body or several parts of it |
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What is the difference between "signs" and "symptoms"
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signs = subjective (nausea, headaches, anxiety)
symptoms = objective/observable , can be measured (swelling, fever, paralysis, high BP) |
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Explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease
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Disruptions in homeostasis >> Homeostatic imbalances >> can lead to disease, disorder, even death
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What is the difference between disorder and disease
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disorder = abnormality in structure or function
disease = definite set of signs and symptoms |
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Describe the anatomical position
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=A position of the body universally used for anatomical descriptions
-body is erect -head is level -eyes face forward -upper limbs are at the sides -palms face forward -feet flat on floor |
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Describe the two terms used for a reclining body
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Prone = lying face down
Supine = lying face up |
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Compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body
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Figure 1-5
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Identify and define the directional terms used in association with the human body
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Directional terms and diagrams
-Exhibit 1.1 (p.14) -Figure 1-6 (p.15) superior inferior anterior posterior medial lateral intermediate ipsilateral contralateral proximal distal superficial deep |
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Identify and define the anatomical planes used in association with the human body
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Figure 1.7 and 1.8 (p.16)
sagittal plane -midsagittal plane (median plane): divides left and right into equal sections -parasagittal plane (para=near): divides left and right into unequal sections frontal or coronal plane transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal) oblique plane |
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List, by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them
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Figure 1.9 (p.17)
Cranial cavity >>contains brain Vertebral (spinal) canal >>contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves ***meninges: lines cranial cavity and vertebral canal Thoracic cavity -pleural cavity >>each surrounds a lung ***pleura: serous membrane of each pleural cavity -pericardial cavity >>surrounds heart ***pericardium: serous membrane of pericardial cavity -mediastinum >>contains all structures within cavity except lungs - heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, some large blood vessels ***extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity >>contains, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine ***peritoneum -pelvic cavity >>contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal reproductive organs |
