Ch1 Cell Bio, Injury And Neoplasia

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Abscess

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collection of inflammatory cells

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actinic keratosis (AK)

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a dysplastic change of the skin in response to chronic sun damage, which may progress to malignancy.

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adaptive changes

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changes that render an organism better able to cope with its environment.

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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molecule that powers cellular processes.

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agenesis

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the complete absence of the precursor to an organ or structure.

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alpha-fetoprotein

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a tumor marker present in primitive or germ-cell tumors.

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anencephaly

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the congenital absence of the cranial vaults, with agenesis or aplasia of the cerebral hemispheres.

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aneuploidy

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a condition characterized by karyotypes that are not an exact multiple of the haploid number

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angiogenesis

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growth of new blood vessels

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anoxia

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lack of O2

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antioxidants

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substances, such as vit.c and E, that normally prevent lipid peroxidation within cells

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aplasia

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the failure of an organ to develop.

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apoptosis

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the controlled death of individual cells during normal growth and development.

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atresia

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the incomplete formation of a lumen, or hallow structure, such as the intestine.

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atrophy

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decrease in the size and function of a cell or tissue.

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autosomal dominant

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term used to describe a single-gene defect that is expressed when only one copy of the mutated gene is present.

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autosomal recessive

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term used to describe a single-gene defect that is expressed only when both copies of a critical gene are abnormal.

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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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an autosomal dominant disorder involving any of several mutations in collagen, leading to hyperelastic skin, hypermobile joints, and a tendency for bleeding disorders.

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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a complex of abnormalities caused by consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

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gangliosides

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natural lipids within cells that are normally broken down by lysosomal enzymes.

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glycogen storage diseases

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diseases somewhat analogous to lysosomal storage diseases, in which cells are unable to produce any of the series of enzymes required for degradation of glycogen.

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grade

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a classification of a malignancy determined by studying a biopsy specimen of the tumor microscopically and examining the regularity of the cells and number of actively proliferating cells.

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granuloma

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the entire cheese-like lesion associated with caseous necrosis.

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haploid

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term referring to half of the full number of chromosomes found in an organism's body cells, germs cells are haploid such that the full complement of chromosomes is restored upon fertilization

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hemochromatosis

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a disease of severe iron overload caused by a genetic abnormality, leading to increased iron absorption and intracellular iron accumulation throughout the body.

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hemophilia A

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an x-linked disorder of blood clotting that results in copious bleeding with minor wounds and spontaneous bleeding into joint, muscles, and internal organs.

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hemosiderin

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a partially dematured form of ferritin that normally accumulates in the cytoplasm of cells throughout the body

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homeostasis

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the abilit to respond and adapt to the external environment.

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HPV

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virus that causes chronic infection of the cervix and can lead to squamous metaplasia

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hydropic swelling

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an increased volume of cytoplasm and distension of subcellular organelles caused by the impairment of cellular volume regulation.

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hyperplasia

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an increase in the numbler of cells in an organ or tissue.

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hypertrophy

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an increase in the size of the cell, accompanied by enhanced functional capacity

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hypoxia

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inadequate oxygenation

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immunotherapy

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the administration of agents that enhace a patient's own immune response against neoplastic growth.

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infarction

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tissue death

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intracellular storage

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a normal process wherein nutrients are set aside within cells for later use.

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ionizing radiation

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type of radiation that causes cellular injury by inducing free radicals and by directly damaging DNA and impairing replication in rapidly dividing cells

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Ischemia

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tissue damage from interrrupeted blood flow.

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karyolysis

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the extrusion of nuclear material from a cell

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karyorrhexis

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the dispersal of nuclear material through the cytoplasm of a cell

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karyotype

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a complement of chromosomes

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lipid peroxidation

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a chain reaction that destroys the phospholipids of cellular membranes and results in membrane disintegration.

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lipofuscin

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an age-related pigment found in many organs (particularly nerve cells and the liver) that is derived from cell membrane turnover.

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liquefactive necrosis

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rapid cell death and dissolution of tissue into liquid caused by the digestive enzymes of acute inflammatory cells (usually neutrophils)

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lysosomal storage disease

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diseases that result in the intracellular accumulationof waste products due to a genetic enzyme deficiency that prevents the lysosomes within a cell from breaking down various substances

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malignant

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term describing a tumor that has the potential for invasion and metastasis.