Ch.1 & 2

Front 1

What happend in 1905?

Back 1

U.S Forest Service created.

&

Audubon Society founded by private citizens to preserve country's bird species

Front 2

What happend in 1916?

Back 2

National Park Service Act creates National Park System and National Park Service.

Front 3

What happend in 1933?

Back 3

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps):

unemployed people to:

-plant trees

-develop and maintain parks and recreation areas

-restore silted waterways

-build levees and dams for flood control

-control soil erosion

-protect wildlife

Front 4

What did Richard Nixon establish 1970?

Back 4

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Front 5

What did Richard Nixon support in 1973?

Back 5

the Endangered Species Act of 1973

Front 6

1969, Apollo Act led to the..

Back 6

spaceship earth environmental worldview, reminding us that we had better take care of the earth because it's the only home we have.

Front 7

What happend between the years 1965-75?

Back 7

Ecology became a big topic

Front 8

What happend in the yaers between 1609-1890?

Back 8

Frontier Era - European colonists.

Front 9

The 70's were the..

Back 9

First decade of the environment

Front 10

Ronald Reagan:

Back 10

Sagebrush rebel, against environmental improvements.

Front 11

What was the purpose of the Kyoto Treaty?

Back 11

To reduce CO2 emissions to avoid global warming.

Front 12

What did Jimmy Carter start?

Back 12

Department of Energy

Front 13

What was created in 1980?

Back 13

Superfund law: if ever a natural disaster happens, they would have money

Front 14

What happend in 1978?

Back 14

Federal Land Policy & Management Act strengthens regulation of public lands by the Bureau of Land Management.

Love Canal, NY, housing development evacuated because of toxic wastes leaking.

Front 15

What is the Wide-use movement?

Back 15

1988. An industry backed anti-environmental coalition.

Front 16

Upton Sinclair:

Back 16

1906, The Jungle, showed bad working conditions in Chicago Meatpacking Industry, led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act

Front 17

Ronald Reagan is the..

Back 17

40th president of the U.S. He cut EPA and research, EPA enforcement dropped by 70%

Front 18

According to many, who is credited with the founding of Ecology?

Back 18

George Perkins Marsh

Front 19

Norman Borlaug:

Back 19

US environmental activist. Known as the Father of the "green revolution"

-Nobel Peace Prize Winner

Front 20

Hugh Bennet:

Back 20

U.S soil conservationist

-1st scientist to recognize soil erosion.

Front 21

Wendell Barry:

Back 21

Proponent of a traditional way of life,

critized the industrial farming for its effect on the environment.

Front 22

The world's population is growing exponentially by..

Back 22

1.25%

Front 23

Globalization is:

Back 23

communicating on a global basis (computer, cell phone, disease)

Front 24

Tragedy of the Commons:

Back 24

1968, Garret Hardin, and idea of common property, free access property.

Large cumulative effect for many people exploiting a free access source.

Front 25

Solar capital is..

Back 25

99% of the energy used on earth.

Front 26

Sustainable yield is..

Back 26

the highest rate in which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its supply.

Front 27

5 inter-connected environmental issues are:

Back 27

1) population growth
2) resource waste
3) poverty
4) loss of biological diversity
5) global climate change

Front 28

Aldo Leopold:

Back 28

strong proponent of land ethics

-A Sand County Almanac, published in 1949

Front 29

What are the five most important environmental issues to be faced in the 21st century?

Back 29

1) The threat of climate change and ecosystem and economic distruption from enhanced global warming.

2) Groing water shortages and political conflicts over water supplies in many local an regional areas.

3) Continuing population growth

4) Continuing biodiversity loss

5) Continuing poverty

Front 30

In what year did the explosion of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occur?

Back 30

1986

Front 31

From 1980-89, what happened?

Back 31

The rise of a strong anti-environmental movement.

Front 32

In what year was Times each, Missuri,evacuated and bought by EPA because of dioxin contamination?

Back 32

1986

Front 33

In what year did the Montreal Protocol occur?

*Its purpose was to halve emissions of ozone-depleting CFCs signed by 24 counries.

Back 33

1987

Front 34

In what year did the Exxon Valdez oil tanker make an accident in Alaska's Prince William Sound?

Back 34

1989

Front 35

What year did the industry-bcked wise-use movement establish to weaken and destroy U.S. environmental movemen?

Back 35

1988

Front 36

This year, toxic fumes leaking from pestiide plant in Bhopal, India. It killed 6,000 people and injure 50,000-60,000.

What year?

Back 36

1984

Front 37

In what year did the scientists discover annual seasonal thinning of the ozone layer above Antarctica?

Back 37

1985

Front 38

What year was the Superfund law passsed?

*to clean up abandoned toxic waste dumps.

Back 38

1980

Front 39

What are the views of the preservationists?

Back 39

-keep large areas of public lands untouched so the can be enjoyed today and passed on unspoiled to future generations.

Front 40

What are the views of the conservationists?

Back 40

-They see wilderness and other public lands as resources to be used to enhance the nation's economic growth an to proide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people.

-they view the government should protect these lands from harm by managing them efficiently and scientifically, using the principles of sustainable yield and multiple use.

Front 41

Between what years did the servere pollution of Lake Erie (killed fish and closed beaches) take place?

Back 41

1965-69

Front 42

Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in ____ to alert the public abou harmful effects of pesticides.

Back 42

1962

Front 43

In ____, the Love Canal, NY housing development was evacuated because of toxic wastes leaking from old dumpsite.

Back 43

1978

Front 44

In ____, the Nature Conservancy was formed.

Back 44

1950

Front 45

In what year was the Yellowstone National Park established?

Back 45

1872

Front 46

What two important events took place in 1890?

Back 46

1) Government declares the country's frontier closed.

2) Yosemite National Park established.

Front 47

In 1915, what was formed?

Back 47

the Ecological Society of America

Front 48

Who was largely responsible for establishing the Yosemite National Park in 1890?

Back 48

John Muir

Front 49

What are perpetual resources?

Back 49

-Renewed continously

-It is expected to last at least 6 billion years as the sun completes its life cycle.

Front 50

What are renewable resoures?

Back 50

-can be replenished fairly rapidly (hours or several decades) through natural processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is replaced.

ex. forests, grasslands, wild animals

Front 51

Sustainable yield:

Back 51

the highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.

Front 52

Nonrenewable resources?

Back 52

Resources that exist in a fixed quanity or stock in the earth's crust.

ex. energy resources (oil, coal)

metalic mineral resources (iron, copper)

nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, clay)

Front 53

Nations now face the global threats of ...

Back 53

1) widespread ocean pollution

2) depletion of ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) that keeps much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth's surface.

3)global and regional climate change caused by chemicals released into the environment by human activities.

Front 54

Definition of Acute Poverty:

Back 54

People cannot meet their basic economic needs.

Front 55

Gross national income (GNI) is:

Back 55

the market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within and outside a country during a year plus net income earned abroad by a country's citizens.

Front 56

Gross national income in purchasing power parity (GNI PPP):

Back 56

The market value of a country's GNI in terms of the goods and services it would buy in the US.

Front 57

Gross domestic product (GDP):

Back 57

The market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within a country during a year.

Front 58

Gross World Product (GWP):

Back 58

The market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced in the world during a year.

Front 59

Per capita GNI:

Back 59

the GNI divided by the total population at mid-year. It gives the average slice of the economic pie per person.

Front 60

Per capita GNI in purchasing power parity (per capita GNI PPP):

Back 60

the GNI PPP divided by the total population at mid-year.

This is a better way to make comparisons of people's economic standards by econmic growth.

Front 61

Slash and burn civilization

Back 61

To prepare the land for planting, they cleared small patches of tropical forests by cutting down trees and other vegetation and then burning the underbrush.

The ashes fertilized the often nutrient-poor soils in this civilization.

Front 62

The environmental history of the US can be divided into 4 eras. What are they?

Back 62

1) tribal

2) frontier

3) conservation

4) environmental

Front 63

Some of Roosevelt's contributions were:

Back 63

-more than tripling the size of the national forest reserves.

-designating the Grand Canyon as one of the first 16 national parks.

-persuading Congress to give the president power to designate public land as federal wildlife refuges.

Front 64

Congress passed the National Park Service Act, which declared the parks were to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpaired for future generations.

And establishing the National Park Service to manage the system.

What year was this passed?

Back 64

1916

Front 65

When was the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service created?

Back 65

in 1940, to manage National Wildlife Refuge system and protect endangered species.

Front 66

Define Planetary Management Worldview?

*Common in the past 50 yrs

Back 66

Human beings, as the planet's most important and dominant species, can & should manage the planet mostly for their own benefit.

1) We are in charge of nature

2) There is always more.

3) All economic growth is good & the potential for global economic growth is
essentially limitless.

4) Our sucess depends on how well we can understand, control & manage the earth's life support systems for our benefit.

Front 67

Define Environmental Worldviews.

Back 67

1) how people think the world works

2) what they think their role in the world should be.

3) what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics)

Front 68

Define nonpoint sources:

Back 68

Where pollutants come from dispersed sources (difficult to identify).

Ex. runoff of fertilizers & pesticides (farmlands, golf courses)

-pesticides sprayed into the air or blown by the wind into the atmosphere.

Front 69

Define economic development:

Back 69

the improvement of living standards by economic growth.

Front 70

What is the major goal of the wise-use movement?

Back 70

Preserving national forests and parks.

Front 71

Who had a strong proponent of "a human's part of nature" philosophy?

Back 71

Aldo Leopold

Front 72

The years 1973-74 are best known for what event?

Back 72

the OPEC oil embargo

Front 73

Rachel Carson described..

Back 73

the effects of pesticides in the environment

Front 74

How many millions of people lived on the North American continent before European settlement?

Back 74

5-10 million

Front 75

The industrial revolution was accompanied by a shift from reliance on renewable energy sources to reliance on ________________.

Back 75

Nonrenewable energy sources.

Front 76

What happend to the bison population from 1870-1875?

Back 76

It was reduced by at least 2.5 million

Front 77

Early hunter gatherers lived in..

Back 77

Small groups

Front 78

Who pioneered the scientific forest management?

Back 78

Gifford Pinchot

Front 79

What did Abbey Edward do?

Back 79

Write Desert Solitaire to focus on how the desert was being destroyed as society developed

Front 80

Garret Hardin:

Back 80

Tragedy of the commons 1986, overgrazing in Medieval England

Front 81

Loies Marie Gibbs

Back 81

-resident of Love Canal

-founded the Citizen Clearinghouse for Hazardous waste which gives aids to communities dealing with toxic waste problems.

Front 82

Norman Borlaug:

Back 82

U.S environmental activist. Known as the Father of the "green Revolution";

Nobel Peace Prize Winner

Front 83

Barry Commoner:

Back 83

Writings focused on Ozone depletion.

Some writings have focused on Nuclear testing profits over environmental concerns.

Ran for president in 80 as a citizen's party candidate.

Front 84

Paul Ehrich:

Back 84

Ecologist,

Strong population control advocate.

-founded a company called Zero Population Growth INC.

Front 85

George W. Bush:

Back 85

-restricted wetland preservation

-wants to drill for more oil

-less stringent regulations

-ignored Kyoto Protocol

-wants a local watchdog instead of federal watch on environmental issues.

Front 86

Ralph Nader:

Back 86

U.S consumer advocate

-promoted the passage of Wholesome Meat Act 1967, helped EPA in 1970, and in 1974, helped passe the Freedom Information Act.

Front 87

Julian Simon:

Back 87

Best known for work on population

-Natural resources and immigration.

Front 88

Preservationists:

Back 88

concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities.

Front 89

Conservationists:

Back 89

concerned with using natural areas and wildlife in ways that sustain them for current and future generations of humans and other forms of life.

Front 90

Restorationists:

Back 90

devoted to the partial or complete restoration of natural areas that haev been degraded by human activities.

Front 91

Ecologists:

Back 91

who are biological scientists studying relationships between living organisms and their environment.

Front 92

Which releases more energy, nuclear fission or fusion?

Back 92

Fusion

Front 93

Who were the inhabitants of the Easter Island?

Back 93

Rapa Nui

Front 94

When did John Muir find the Sierra Club?

Back 94

In 1892