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487 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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their cells are arranged into tissues -except sponges
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animals
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are animals unicellular or multicellular
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multicellular
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how are the cells of animals arranged
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into tissues
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they have no cell wall
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animals
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do animals have a cell wall or no cell wall
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no cell wall
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animals skeleton support
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tissues of large animals
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what supports tissues of large animals
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skeleton
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cells of animals are connected by
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cell junction
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what support cells of animals
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an abundance of extra-cellular proteins
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an abundance of extra-cellular proteins support what
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cells of animals
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what are 3 characteristics of animals
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ingest food & digest in a central cavity, motile, diploid
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ingest food & digest in a central cavity
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animals
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often required to capture prey or reproduce
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animals
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animals cells are arranged into tissues except
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sponges
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animals ingest food & digest in a central cavity except
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sponges
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what does heterogametes mean
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different sizes
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gametes are produces by
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meiosis
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3 types of symmetry animals have
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radial, bilateral, asymmetry
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body parts around central axis - what type of symmetry
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radial
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can be cut along axis more than one plane to produce identical halves
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radial symmetry
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sessile =
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immobile
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another word for immobile
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sessile
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animals with radial symmetry tend to be
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sessile
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radial symmetry allows animals to
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reach out in all directions
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allows animals to reach out in all directions
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radial symmetry
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only 1 cut down the longitudinal axis will produce identical halves
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bilateral symmetry
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what is radial symmetry
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body parts around central axis, can be cut along axis in more than one plane to produce identical halves
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what is bilateral symmetry
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only 1 cuct down the longitudinal axis will produce identical halves
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best for motile animals
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bilateral symmetry
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bilateral symmetry is best for which animals
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motile animals
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have no pattern of symmetry
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asymmetry
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what is asymmetry
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no pattern of symmetry
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which animals have asymmetry
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the simplest animals - sponges
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3 types of cell junctions
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tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
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watertight seal between cells
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tight junction
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plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
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tight junctions
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common between cells that line GI and bladder
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tight junctions
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what are tight junctions
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watertight seal between cells
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what are tight junctions made of
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plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
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where are tight junctions most common
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between cells that line GI and bladder
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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desmosomes
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what do desmosomes do
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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has intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell
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desmosomes
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what are desmosomes made of
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intracellular intermediate filaments that cross cytoplasm of cell
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cellular support of cardiac muscle
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desmosomes
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have no pattern of symmetry
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asymmetry
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what is asymmetry
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no pattern of symmetry
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which animals have asymmetry
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the simplest animals - sponges
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3 types of cell junctions
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tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
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watertight seal between cells
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tight junction
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plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
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tight junctions
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common between cells that line GI and bladder
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tight junctions
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what are tight junctions
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watertight seal between cells
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what are tight junctions made of
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plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
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where are tight junctions most common
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between cells that line GI and bladder
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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desmosomes
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what do desmosomes do
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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has intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell
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desmosomes
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what are desmosomes made of
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intracellular intermediate filaments that cross cytoplasm of cell
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cellular support of cardiac muscle
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desmosomes
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what are tight junctions
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watertight seal between cells
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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desmosomes
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what do desmosomes do
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resists cellular separation & cell disruption
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intracellular intermediate filaments cross cytoplasm of cell
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desmosomes
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what are desmosomes made of
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intracellular intermediate filaments that cross the cytoplasm of cell
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gives cellular support of cardiac muscle
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desmosomes
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what does desmosomes support
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cellular support of cardiac muscle
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tiny space between plasma membranes of 2 cells
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gap junctions
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what are gap junctions
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tiny space between plasma membranes of 2 cells
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crossed by protein channels forming tunnels
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gap junctions
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what cross gap junctions
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protein channels forming tunnels
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function in cell communication
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gap junctions
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what is the function of gap junctions
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cell communication
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allow muscle and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell
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gap junctions
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where are gap junctions common
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heart and smooth muscle of gut
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what do gap junctions help
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muscle and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell
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found in heart and smooth muscle of gut
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gap junctions
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4 types of tissues
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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covers & lines organs
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epithelial tissue
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some form sweat and oil glands
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epithelial tissue
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what does epithelial tissue do
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covers and lines organs
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what does some epithelial tissues form
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sweat and oil glands
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supports, holds things together, and storage
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connective tissue
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what does connective tissue do
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support, holds things together, and storage
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found in tendons, adipose, plasma, cartilage, and bone
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connective tissue
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where is connective tissue found
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tendons, adipose, plasma, cartilage, and bone
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3 kinds of muscle tissue
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smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
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smooth, cardiac, and skeletal are 3 kinds of what
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muscle tissue
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what is a blastula
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a hollow ball of cells
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a fertilized animal egg divides resulting in what
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a blastula
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some cells of the blastula migrate inward producing a
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gastrula
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the opening of the gastrula is
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blastopore
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what is a blastopore
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the opening of the gastrula
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how is a gastrula produced
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by some cells of the blastula migrating inward
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3 germ layers
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endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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where is endoderm found
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inside
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where is mesoderm found
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middle
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where is ectoderm found
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outside
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forms the outer layer of cells
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ectoderm
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gives rise to the skin and nervous system
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ectoderm
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what does ectoderm give rise to
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the skin and nervous system
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what does ectoderm form
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the outer layer of cells
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forms between the ectoderm & endoderm
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mesoderm
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where does mesoderm form
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between the ectoderm & endoderm
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germ layer that becomes the muscles, connective tissues, skeleton & kidneys, reproductive organs
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mesoderm
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what does mesoderm become
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> muscles
> connective tissues > skeleton & kidneys > reproductive organs |
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cells that formed the tube-like structure in the gastrula are
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endoderm
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these cells will form the lining of the gut and the major organs derived from it
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endoderm
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what does endoderm form
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-the tube-like structure in the gastrula
- the lining of the gut and the major organs derived from it |
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a space that separates the gut & internal organs from the rest of the body
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body cavity
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isolates the internal organs from body-wall movements
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body cavity
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bathes internal organs in a liquid through which nutrients and wastes can diffuse
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body cavity
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what is a body cavity
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a space that separates the gut & internal organs from the rest of the body
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what does the body cavity do
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> isolates the internal organs from body-wall movements
> bathes internal organs in a liquid through which nutrients and wastes can diffuse |
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what are the types of body cavities
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> acoelomate
> pseudocoelomate > coelomate > mesentery |
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what is an acoelomate
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an animal that does not have a body cavity
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what is an animal that does not have a body cavity called
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acoelomate
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what is a pseudocoelomate
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an animal that does have a body cavity
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what is an animal that does have a body cavity called
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pseudocoelomate or coelomate
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what is a pseudocoelomate cavity called
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pseudocoelom
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where is the pseudocoelom located
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between the endoderm & mesoderm
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cavity located between endoderm & mesoderm
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pseudocoelom
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what is a coelomate
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animal that has a body cavity
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what is a coelomate cavity called
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coelom
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where is the coelom located
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within the mesoderm
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located within the mesoderm
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coelom
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what enables the animal to digest food outside of the cells
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digestive tract
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what is the function of the digestive tract
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enables the animal to digest food outside of the cells
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what kind of digestion takes place in the digestive tract
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extracellular digestion
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what kind of digestion takes place in animals without a digestive tract
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intracellular digestion
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how does digestion take place in animals w/o a digestive tract
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food brought into the cell for digestion
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what are the two types of guts
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> sac-like gut
> complete gut |
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gut that has one opening
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sac-like gut
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what kind of gut has food entering & leaving the same opening
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sac-like gut
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what is a sac-like gut
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has one opening; food enters & leaves through same opening
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gut that has two openings
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complete gut
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a gut that has a mouth and an anus
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complete gut
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a gut that is a tube-within-a-tube
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complete gut
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allows for specialization of parts along the tube
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complete gut
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what are the types of specialization a complete gut has
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> food storage
> secreting digestive enzymes > absorbing nutrients |
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gut that specializes in food storage, secreting digestive enzymes, and absorbing nutrients
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complete gut
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levels of organization
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organism -> organ system -> organ -> tissue -> cell
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group of organ systems organized for common function
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organism
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groups of organs organized for a common function
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organ system
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tissue organized for a common function
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organ
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similar cells designed for a common function
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tissue
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basic unit of structure and function in an organism
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cell
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life emerges at what level
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cellular
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where are sponges found
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mainly marine (ocean), 1 freshwater family
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has a porous body wall
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sponges
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all sessile - one time thought to be plants
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sponges
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what phylum are sponges in
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Porifera
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what has somatic cell specialization
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sponges
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what is impregnated into the body wall of sponges
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spicules
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what are spicules
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little spines or fibers that give support and made of various materials
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little spines or fibers that give support and are made of various materials
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spicules
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what are spicules made of
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> calcium carbonate
> silica > spongin fibers |
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used to be of great economic importance
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sponges
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what are the 2 cell types found in sponges
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choanocytes & amoebocytes
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what is the function of choanocytes
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their flagella beats creating currents of H2O which brings in food & O2 and carries out wastes
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what are choanocytes also called
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collar cells
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their flagella beats creating currents of H2O which brings in food & O2 and carries out wastes
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choanocytes
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unspecialized cells of sponges
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amoebocytes
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cells of sponges that digest food intracellularly & produce spicules
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amoebocytes
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what do amoebocytes do
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digest food intracellularly & produce spicules
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what can amoebocytes convert to
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epidermal cells & porocytes
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can convert to epidermal cells & porocytes
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amoebocytes
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what happens to unspecialized amoebocytes
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wander in a semifluid matrix between collar & epidermal cells
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wander in a semifluid matrix between collar & epidermal cells
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unspecialized amoebocytes
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what is the osculum of a sponge
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the opening
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what do the incurrent pores & canals do in a sponge
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along side brings H2O in
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in a sponge they bring H2O in
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incurrent pores & canals
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can move entire body volume of water in 1 minute
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incurrent pores & canals
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line the internal cavity of a sponge
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choanocytes
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trap food by using flagella to whip food into their interior
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choanocytes
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some are digested by amoeboid cells
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choanocytes
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what is the outer layer of sponges called
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epidermis
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what layer is found in the middle of a sponge
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a gelatinous layer
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what is found in the gelatinous layer of a sponge
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> amoeboid cells
> semifluid matrix > spicules |
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amoeboid cells, semifluid matrix, and spicules are found where in a sponge
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the gelatinous layer
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how do sponges reorganize
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(a) collar cells seim & amoebocytes crawl
(b) remain together when they contact & form minute clumps (c) each clump will develop into a tiny sponge if both cell types are present |
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if 2 different colored species are pushed through at the same time what happens
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they will either be one color or the other
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how do sponges reproduce asexually
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by budding
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define monoecious
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both sexes in the same individual
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how do sponges reproduce sexually
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egg & sperm produced in certain cells
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define dioecious
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sexes in separate individuals-NOT SPONGES
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can sponges be dioecious
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NO
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where did sponges evolve from
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probably from flagellates independent of multicellular animals
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probably evolved from flagellates independent of multicellular animals
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sponges
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coelentrates are found in what phylum
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Cnidaria
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hydra, jellyfish, coral, se anemone & Portuguese man-of-war are what
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coelentrates
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what are some examples of coelentrates
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hydra, jellyfish, coral, sea anemone & Portuguese man-of-war
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what kind of symmetry do coelentrates have
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radial
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what are the two layers of embryonic tissue in coelentrates
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epidermis, gastrodermis
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formed from ectoerm
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epidermis
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from the endoderm
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gastrodermis
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secrets digestive juices into the inner space called the gastrovascular cavity (GV)
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gastrodermis
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GV =
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gastrovascular cavity
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what does the gastrodermis do
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secretes digestive juices into the inner space called the gastrovascular space
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what is the middle layer of coelentrates
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mesoglea
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middle layer, jelly-like, & nonliving
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mesoglea
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not derived from embryonic germ layers
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mesoglea
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what are some characteristics of the mesoglea layer
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middle layer, jelly-like, & nonliving
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what kind of gut do coelentrates have
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sac like gut
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what type of digestion takes place in coelentrates
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extracellular digestion
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1st animal to have extracellular digestion
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coelentrates
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where does most digestion take place in coelentrates
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GV cavity
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connected to the outside by single opening which serves as both the mouth & anus
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GV cavity
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called an incomplete digestive cavity
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GV cavity
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where is the GV cavity found
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connected to the outside by a single opening which serves as both the mouth & anus
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1st animal to have a tissue level of organization
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coelentrates
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stinging capsule =
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nematocysts
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what is a nematocyst
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stinging capsule
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has stinging cells on tentacles
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nematocysts
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what do nematocysts have on their tentacles
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stinging cells
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only animal to have stinging cells on their tentacles
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nematocysts
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nematocysts are the only animal to have what
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stinging cells on their tentacles
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how do nematocysts sting their prey
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shoot out poison thread that capture and paralyze prey
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shoot out poison threads that capture & paralyze their prey
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nematocysts
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what happens after a nematocyst stings their prey
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their tentacle has a single use only, discard & produce more
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what does cnidoblasts or cnidocytes refer to
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the whole cell
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refers to the whole cell
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cnidoblasts or cnidocytes
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its sting quite painful to man --can be fatal
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Portuguese man-of-war
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2 body forms of cnidaria
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polyp, medusa
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attached body form
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polyp
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mouth & tentacles up - body form
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polyp
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feed attached
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polyp
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what are the characteristics of a polyp
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attached form, mouth & tentacles up, feed attached
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free floating form
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medusa
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mouth & tentacles down - body form
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medusa
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upside down polyp
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medusa
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have an increased mesoglea layer
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medusa
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what are the characteristics of medusa
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> free floating
> mouth & tentacles down > have an increased mesoglea layer |
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where does hydra live
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in water
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what kind of symmetry does hydra have
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radial
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mouth and anus are the same in which nematocyst
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hydra
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what kind of gut does a hydra have
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incomplete gut/ saclike gut
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what kind of digestion takes place in hydra
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extracellular digestion
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what does a basal disk in hydra do
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secretes sticky substance for attachment
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secretes a sticky substance for attachment
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basal disk of hydra
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often lives connected to rock or twig
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basal disk on hydra
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where is the basal disk of hydra found
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living connected to a rock or twig
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what are the layers of hydra
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epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea
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non-living jellylike layer
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mesoglea
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gland cells present, some cells are flagellated in this layer
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gastrodermis
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this layer of hydra serves as protection
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epidermis
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digestion is both intracellular by ..... & extracellular using.....
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phagocytosis, gland cells
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what takes place in the gastrodermis layer
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intracellular and extracellular digestion
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found on both sides of the mesoglea layer in hydra
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muscles
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how do muscles next to the epidermis in hydra run
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lengthwise
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what shape are the muscles next to the gastrodermis layer in hydra
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circular
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how can the muscles next to the epidermis in hydra move
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elongate, shorten, move side to side
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how can the muscles next to the gastrodermis in hydra move
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constrict or relax diameter
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where is the nerve net in hydra found
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in both gastrodermis & epidermis w/ fibers running thru mesoglea
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in both gastrodermis & epidermis w/ fibers running thru mesoglea
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nerve net in hydra
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how can hydra move
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by somersaulting or inch worm
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can move by somersaulting or inch worm
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hydra
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nematocyst that can send messages both ways
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hydra
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how can hydra reproduce
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asexually, sexually, or regenerate
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how does hydra reproduce asexually
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by budding
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how does hydra reproduce sexually
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produces egg & sperm; both dioecious and monoecious species
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both a dioecious and monoecious species
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hydra
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when does hyrdra produce egg & sperm
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especially when H2O stagnant & has too much CO2
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how does hydra regenerate
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cut into tiny pieces & each grows into new animal OR turn inside out & cells will rearranage
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produces egg & sperm when H2O is stagnant & has too much CO2
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hydra
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what body form does a cnidarian have
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polyp or medusa
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cnidarian that spends its entire life as polyp
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hydra
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cnidarian that spends its entire life as medusa
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some jellyfish
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some have both polyp and medusa stages
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obelia
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body form of hydra
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polyp
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body form of some jellyfish
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medusa
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body form of obelia
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both polyp and medusa stages
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how does obelia produce asexually
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by budding - buds form & remain attached
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how does obelia produce sexually
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(a) medusa buds become free-floating medusa
(b) dioecious - sexes separate (c) form eggs & sperm which are released |
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gonangia
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specialized bud on polyp that produces medusa buds
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specialized bud on polyp that produces medusa buds
|
gonangia
|
|
|
what happens to the medusa bud after the egg and sperm are released
|
zygote develops into a ciliated larvae which settles down and develops into a polyp colony
|
|
|
are colonial and secrete calcium carbonate skeletons
|
corals
|
|
|
what do corals secrete
|
calcium carbonate skeletons
|
|
|
are the accumulation of their skeletons
|
coral reefs
|
|
|
where are the living colonies of coral found
|
on the uppermost part
|
|
|
both free-living (freshwater & saltwater) & parasitic form
|
flatworms
|
|
|
planaria =
|
flatworms
|
|
|
flatworms =
|
planaria
|
|
|
what phylum are flatworms in
|
platyhelminthes
|
|
|
1st phylum to have 3 true embryonic layers
|
platyhelminthes
|
|
|
phylum that are acoelomate
|
platyhelminthes
|
|
|
what is found in the ectoderm of platyhelminthes
|
epidermis & nervous system
|
|
|
what is found in the endoderm of platyhelminthes
|
digestive tract & accessory organs
|
|
|
what is found in the mesoderm of platyhelminthes
|
muscles, organs or reproduction & excretion; organs of circulation & most internal skeleton is present
|
|
|
usually about 1cm
|
hydra
|
|
|
average is 15mm
|
planaria
|
|
|
fresh H2O species common in ponds & streams
|
planaria
|
|
|
what is found on the dorsal side of planaria
|
light sensitive eyespots and auricles containing olfactory sense cells
|
|
|
what side of planaria are the light sensitive eyespots and auricles containing olfactory sense cells found
|
dorsal
|
|
|
what is found on the ventral side of planaria
|
median mouth opening
|
|
|
what side of planaria is the median mouth opening on
|
ventral
|
|
|
has a 3 branched intestine GV cavity
|
planaria
|
|
|
what kind of digestive system does planaria have
|
a 3 branched intestine GV cavity
|
|
|
what is the benefit of the many side branches on planaria
|
greatly increases surface area for digestion and absorption
|
|
|
what greatly increases the surface area for digestion and absorption in planaria
|
the many side branches
|
|
|
what side is the mouth & pharynx on planaria
|
ventral
|
|
|
does planaria have a a 1 or 2 opening to the digestive tract
|
1 opening both mouth & anus
|
|
|
what kind of digestion takes place in planaria
|
mainly intracellular with some extracellular
|
|
|
has a tiny brain
|
planaria
|
|
|
has a double nerve cord which is connected by transverse nerves - ladder like configuration
|
planaria
|
|
|
more complex than Cnidaria nerve net
|
planaria central nervous system
|
|
|
most metabolic waste products in planaria diffuse where
|
thru body wall
|
|
|
has a complex reproductive system
|
planaria
|
|
|
usually monoecious with cross fertilization
|
planaria
|
|
|
how can planaria reproduce asexually
|
by transverse fission
|
|
|
reproduce asexually by transverse fission
|
planaria
|
|
|
has the ability to regenerate
|
planaria
|
|
|
what do the muscles of planaria look like
|
circular & longitudinal
|
|
|
has circular & longitudinal muscles
|
planaria
|
|
|
feed on a host species
|
flukes
|
|
|
parasitic forms lack cephalization
|
flukes
|
|
|
cephalization =
|
heads
|
|
|
their reproductive cycle typically involes 2 host species
|
flukes
|
|
|
are found in vertebrate livers
|
liver flukes
|
|
|
where are liver flukes found
|
in vertebrate livers
|
|
|
rare outside of China, Japan, & Korea where people eat raw fish
|
liver flukes
|
|
|
nearly have of people in the tropics have....
|
blood flukes
|
|
|
nearly half of people in....have blood flukes
|
tropics
|
|
|
how many people in the tropics have blood flukes
|
nearly half
|
|
|
what is a human blood fluke called
|
schistosome
|
|
|
schistosome =
|
human blood fluke
|
|
|
afflicts 1 out of 20 people in the world
|
schistosomes
|
|
|
how many people do schistosomes afflict
|
1 out of 20
|
|
|
transmitted by unsafe H2O
|
schistosomes
|
|
|
if left untreated = liver, spleen, bladder, and kidneys deteriorate
|
schistosomes
|
|
|
what happens if schistosomes are left untreated
|
the liver, spleen, bladder, and kidneys deteriorate
|
|
|
primary and secondary host when it comes to schistosomes
|
primary - human, secondary - snail
|
|
|
live in the intestines of vertebrates
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
they may reach 10 m in length
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
where are tapeworms found
|
in the intestines of vertebrates
|
|
|
how long can tapeworms get
|
10 m in length
|
|
|
they have no digestive or nervous tissue
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
attach to intestinal wall by a scolex
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
how do tapeworms attach to the intestinal wall
|
by a scolex
|
|
|
where to tapeworms attach
|
to the intestinal wall
|
|
|
what is a scolex
|
structure that contains hooks and suckers
|
|
|
a structure that contains hooks and suckers
|
scolex
|
|
|
how can a tapeworm become harmful
|
excrete toxic wastes, absorb nutrients, or may block the intestine
|
|
|
composed of segments proglottids
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
what are tapeworms composed of
|
segments proglottids
|
|
|
each has a male & female reproductive organs
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
how can tapeworms be passed to humans
|
by undercooked meat, especially pork
|
|
|
can have a secondary host
|
tapeworms
|
|
|
if tapeworms have a secondary host - what are they
|
pigs and cattle
|
|
|
how do tapeworms reproduce
|
(a) eggs are fertilized from sperm
(b) after fertilization organs in proglottids disintegrate and proglottids fills with eggs |
|
|
what kind of symmetry does the phylum Rotifers have
|
bilateral
|
|
|
what type of internal cavity does the phylum rotifers have
|
pseudocoelom
|
|
|
has a crown of cilia at the head end
|
rotifers
|
|
|
1st animal to have a complete gut
|
rotifers
|
|
|
free-living and parasitic
|
roundworms
|
|
|
they have a complete digestive tract open at both ends
|
roundworms
|
|
|
has a pseudocoelom that is a false coelom
|
roundworms
|
|
|
what does false coelom mean
|
cavity not completely lined w/ peritoneum from mesoderm
|
|
|
they have a cavity not completely lined w/ peritoneum from mesoderm
|
roundworms
|
|
|
a cavity not completely lined w/ peritoneum from mesoderm
|
false coelom
|
|
|
some of their parasitic species can cause permanent damage if not caught early
|
roundworms
|
|
|
what kind of symmetry do roundworms have
|
bilateral
|
|
|
they ARE NOT segmented
|
roundworms
|
|
|
ascaris is an
|
intestinal roundworm
|
|
|
an example of a human parasitic nematode
|
ascaris
|
|
|
an intestinal roundworm
|
ascaris
|
|
|
ascaris is an example of what
|
human parasitic nematode
|
|
|
how do ascaris produce
|
(a) ingest eggs
(b) hatch in digest tract & release larvae, which penetrate intestinal wall & migrate to the lungs (c) migrate to trachea & swallowed back to intestine (d) mature into adult worm |
|
|
what health problems can ascaris cause
|
lung inflammation, pneumonia, blocks intestine
|
|
|
causes Trichinosis
|
trichinella
|
|
|
caused by eating raw or uncooked meat of animals infected with the larvae
|
trichinella
|
|
|
how is trichinella caused
|
(a) by eating raw or uncooked meat of animals infected with the larvae
(b) acid in the stomach dissolves the hard covering of the cyst and releases the worms (c) immature worms, travel through the arteries, and are transported to muscles (d) within the muscles - worm curls into a ball and encyst |
|
|
trichinosis results in
|
local inflammation, impaired muscle function, can be painful & fatal
|
|
|
disease that results in local inflammation, impaired muscle function, can be painful & fatal
|
trichinosis
|
|
|
causes trichinosis
|
trichinella
|
|
|
encysted juveniles cannot be easily detected in infected meat
|
trichinella
|
|
|
about the length of a staple
|
pinworm
|
|
|
lve in the rectum of humans
|
pinworms
|
|
|
where are pinworms found
|
the rectum of humans
|
|
|
how are pinworms spread
|
(a) female pinworms crawl out of intestines at night thru anus & deposits eggs on the surrounding skin
(b) causes a personal itch - scratch & fingers now have eggs which can be spread (c) fingers go in mouth - infected |
|
|
most common in US - especially in kids
|
pinworms
|
|
|
found in tropics & subtropics where sanitation is poor
|
hookworms
|
|
|
where are hookworms found
|
in tropics & subtropics where sanitation is poor
|
|
|
juveniles enter thru bare feet
|
hookworms
|
|
|
how to hookworms spread
|
(a) enter thru bare feet
(b) migrate to lungs thru bloodstream (c) travel up pharynx & swallowed (d) live in intestine - sucks blood from inestinal wall |
|
|
causes abdominal discomfort & anemia
|
hookworms
|
|
|
what do hookworms cause
|
abdominal discomfort & anemia
|
|
|
filaria worm =
|
wuchereria bancrofti
|
|
|
wuchereria bancrofti =
|
filaria worm
|
|
|
transmitted by mosquitoes in tropics
|
filaria worms
|
|
|
how are filaria worms transmitted
|
by mosquitoes in the tropics
|
|
|
blocks lymph vessels
|
filaria worms
|
|
|
causes elephantitis
|
filaria worms
|
|
|
what do filaria worms cause
|
elephantitis
|
|
|
how do filaria worms cause elephantitis
|
blocks lymph vessels
|
|
|
caused by drinking contaminated H2O
|
guinea worm
|
|
|
what happens after a guinea worm causes an infection
|
migrate to skin & emerges
|
|
|
pain causes people to put affected part in water & worm then releases lots of larva into water
|
guinea worm
|
|
|
can take weeks for 3 foot worm to emerge
|
guinea worm
|
|
|
each cell is still capable of growing into a complete organism
|
totipotent
|
|
|
what does totipotent mean
|
each cell is still capable of growing into a complete organism
|
|
|
capable of giving rise to 200 + different cell types in a human
|
pluripotent
|
|
|
what is pluripotent
|
capable of giving rise to 200+ different cell types in a human
|
|
|
4 branches of embryonic stem cells
|
neuro stem cells
hemopoietic stem cells mesenchymal stem cells endodermal stem cells |
|
|
how cells align themselves when 1st dividing
|
cleavage
|
|
|
what is cleavage
|
how cells align themselves when 1st dividing
|
|
|
what are the types of cleavage
|
spiral cleavage, radial cleavage
|
|
|
cells align in a spiral pattern
|
spiral cleavage
|
|
|
cells arrange bilaterally
|
radial cleavage
|
|
|
what is spiral cleavage
|
cells align in a spiral pattern
|
|
|
what is radial cleavage
|
cells arrange bilaterally
|
|
|
cleavage found in most invertebrate phyla (prostomes)
|
spiral cleavage
|
|
|
cleavage found in chordates & echinoderms (starfish)(deutrostomes)
|
radial cleavage
|
|
|
where is spiral cleavage found
|
in most invertebrate phyla (prostomes)
|
|
|
where is radial cleavage found
|
in chordates & echinoderms (starfish)(deutrostomes)
|
|
|
the blastopore becomes the mouth
|
protostomes
|
|
|
what is a protostome
|
the blastopore becomes the mouth
|
|
|
the blastopore becomes the anus
|
deuterostomes
|
|
|
what is a deuterostome
|
the blastopore becomes the anus
|
|
|
spiral cleavage is determinant
|
protostome
|
|
|
radial cleavage is interdeterminant
|
deuterostomes
|
|
|
cell fate determined early - nontotipotent
|
protostome
|
|
|
totipotent
|
deuterostomes
|
|
|
segmented animals have
|
repeating units
|
|
|
have repeating units
|
segmented animals
|
|
|
led to the specialization of parts over evolutionary time
|
segmentation
|
|
|
evolved independently in protostomes and deuterostomes
|
segmentation
|
|
|
segmentation evolved ......in protostomes and deuterostomes
|
independently
|
|
|
are segmented protostomes
|
annelids and arthropods
|
|
|
are segmented deuterostomes
|
chordates
|
|
|
animals in the phylum mollusca
|
oysters, clams, octopus, squid, snails, & slugs
|
|
|
what phylum are oysters, clams, octopus, squid, snails, & slugs in
|
mollusca
|
|
|
3 parts of a mollusca
|
soft bodies, large ventral muscular foot, mantle
|
|
|
heavy fold of tissue
|
mantle
|
|
|
what is a mantle
|
heavy fold of tissue
|
|
|
what is contained in the soft body of a mollusca
|
digestive, excretory, & reproductive organs
|
|
|
what is the large ventral muscular foot of a mollusca used for
|
locomotion, attachment, and or food capture
|
|
|
used for locomotion, attachment, and or food capture in molluscas
|
large ventral muscular foot
|
|
|
what does a mantle secrete
|
a shell
|
|
|
usually secretes a shell
|
mantle
|
|
|
has no jointed appendages
|
mollusca
|
|
|
what kind of internal cavity do mollusca have
|
coelomate
|
|
|
is a mollusca a protostome or deuterostome
|
protostome
|
|
|
what kind of symmetry does mollusca have
|
bilateral
|
|
|
the major classes of mollusca
|
gastropods, cephlopods, bivalves
|
|
|
examples of gastropods
|
snails, slugs, whelks, abalones, conches
|
|
|
examples of bivalves
|
clams, scallops, oysters, & mussels
|
|
|
named because it is largely a stomach & digestive gland sitting on top a muscular foot
|
gastropod
|
|
|
some have shells & some do not
|
gastropod
|
|
|
in some the shell is reduced or completely lost
|
gastropod
|
|
|
if the shell is present in a gastropod what happens to it
|
usually spirally coiled or cone-shaped
|
|
|
as most gastropod larva develop some body parts undergo
|
torsion
|
|
|
what is torsion
|
a strange realignment; twisting of body parts during larval development (gills, anus, & excretory organs end up over the head)
|
|
|
twistin of body parts during larval development
|
torsion
|
|
|
occurs only in gastropods
|
torsion
|
|
|
have a two-valved shell held closed by powerful muscles
|
bivalves
|
|
|
shell produced by mantle & grows along outer margins
|
bivalves
|
|
|
have incurrent & excurrent siphons
|
bivalves
|
|
|
incurrent & excurrent siphones function as what in bivalves
|
deliver water & suspended food to the mantle cavity
|
|
|
mucus on the gills of bivalves do what
|
trap bits of food that are suspended in the water
|
|
|
commonly eaten as food by man
|
bivalves
|
|
|
examples of cephalopods
|
octopuses, squids, nautiluses, & cuttlefish
|
|
|
octopuses, squids, nautiluses, & cuttlefish are examples of what
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
predators and live in a marine environment
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
predators
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
have a closed circulatory system that allows them to move rapidly in pursuit of prey
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
how do cephalopods move
|
by jet propulsion
|
|
|
move by jet propulsion
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
how do cephalopods move by jet propulsion
|
water goes into the mantle cavity is squirted rapidly out
|
|
|
the foot of cephalopods evolved into
|
tentacles around the head
|
|
|
evolved into tentacles around the head
|
the foot
|
|
|
have a powerful parrot-like beak to tear apart prey
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
how do cephalopods eat their prey
|
they have a powerful parrot-like beakt to tear them apart
|
|
|
simplest animals with well developed eyes
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
simplest animals with well developed eyes help them do what
|
catch prey
|
|
|
some mollusks have what
|
lenses
|
|
|
how do lenses help mollusks
|
capable of forming clear images
|
|
|
have well-developed brains that give them a high learning capacity
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
can hide from enemies by releasing a dark colored fluid from ink sacs
|
cephalopods
|
|
|
how do cephalopods hide from enemies
|
release a dark colored fluid from ink sacs
|
|
|
the shell of a nautilus encloses
|
the animal
|
|
|
what encloses a nautilus
|
their shell
|
|
|
a squid's shell is
|
small and internal
|
|
|
their shell is small and internal
|
squid
|
|
|
cephalopod that does not have a shell
|
octopus
|
|
|
the largest invertebrate known
|
the giant squid
|
