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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protozoan locomotion
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move by cilia or flagella by stroking
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Flatworms
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-body wall arranged in two layers: longitudinal & circular
-muscles contract against hydrostatic skeleton(fluid) -contraction of circular layer of muscles make fluid flow longitudinally lengthening animal -contraction of longitudinal layer of muscles shorten animal -setae: bristles in lower part of each segment |
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Cartilage
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-connective tissue softer and more flexible than bone
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Bone
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-mineralized connective
-two types: compact & spongy |
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Compact bone
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-dense bone
-osteons(Haversian system):structural units -lamallae: concentric circles of bony matrix |
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Spongy bone
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-less dense
-contains spicules: interconnecting lattice -cavities between spicules:yellow/red bone marrow |
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Yellow bone marrow
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inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue
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Red bone marrow
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involved in blood cell formation
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Osteoblasts
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cells that synthesize and secrete organic constituents of bone matrix (build bone)
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Osteoclasts
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large, multi-nucleated cells involved in bone resportion(destroy bone)
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Endochondral ossification
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cartilage replaced by bone
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Intramembranous ossification
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mesenchymal connective tissue replaced by bone
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Axial skeleton
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consist of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
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Bones
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-held together by immovable and movable joints and supported and strengthened by ligaments
-tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones & bend skeleton(origin->insertion) |
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Muscle
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-consists of contractile fibers held by connective tissue
-types (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac) |
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Skeletal Muscle
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-voluntary movements
-by somatic nervous system -fibers contain myofibrils(modified ER storing calcium ions) divide into sarcomeres |
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Sarcomere
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-composed of thick(contain myosin) and thin filaments(contain actin)
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Z line
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defines boundary of single sarcomere and anchor thin filaments
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M line
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runs down center of sarcomere
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I band
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region containing only thin filaments
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H zone
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region of thick filaments only
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A band
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spans entire length of thick ilaments and overlap portion of thin filaments
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Contraction
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A band not reduced in size, H zone and I band are reduced
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Simple twitch
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consists of latent, contraction, & relaxation
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Summation
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strong contractions that are prolonged
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Tetanus
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stronger and frequent contractions that lead to muscle fatigue
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Tonus
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state of partial contraction
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Smooth Muscle
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involuntary actions
-autonomic nervous system -one centrally located nucleus |
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Cardiac Muscle
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-actin & myosin giving striated appearance
-contain one or two centrally located nuclei |
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Creatine Phosphate/arginine phosphate
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type of energy
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Myoglobin
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hemoglobin-like protein found in muscle tissue
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