Ch 9 Bio

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DNA

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The hereditary material of most organisms; a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and four nitrogen containing bases

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RNA

Back 2

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid similar to DNA but having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil rather than thymine as one of the bases

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Gene expression

Back 3

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.

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Messenger RNA

Back 4

Temporary copy of a gene that encodes a protein

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Transfer RNA

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Carries each Amino acid that will be needed to make the protein

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Genetic code

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Describes how the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA translates into the sequence of amino acids in a protein

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Codon

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A triplet in messenger RNA

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Anticodon

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A triplet of transfer RNA

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Transcription

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The process of making a messenger RNA

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RNA polymerase

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A transcription enzyme, joins RNA nucleotides according to the base sequences in DNA

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RNA processing

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Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors

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Intron

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Segments of RNA that do not code for protein

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Exon

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The parts of the transcript that remain, and code for protein.

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Splicing

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The process of removing introns and rejoining cut ends

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Transfer RNA charging

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Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded (charged). The aa-tRNA, along with some elongation factors, deliver the amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into the polypeptide chain that is being produced.

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Translation

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is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA)—produced by transcription from DNA—is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide.

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Tertiary structure

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is the final specific geometric shape that a protein assumes. This final shape is determined by a variety of bonding interactions between the "side chains" on the amino acids.

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Translational error

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Error in the translation process

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Frame shift mutation

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aming error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

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Translational frame shift

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Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation. A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5' to the 3' end.