Ch. 9

Front 1

CHAPTER 9

Front 2

Brieflydescribe the idea behind psychosocial theories.

Back 2

Examines how infants interactwith and are affected by other people into adulthood. Adult personality is seenas a reflection of the same forces that are critical in infancy.

Front 3

Whatis the main idea of object relation’s theory?

Back 3

Focus is on personal bonds andrelationships (this is the goal of the ego).

Front 4

ExplainMahler’s object relation’s theory.

Back 4

The child’s identity rests ona three-stage relationship with their mother. Personality develops throughseparation-individuation.

Front 5

FIRST STAGE

Back 5

Infantshave basic needs cared for by mother (3-4 weeks).

Front 6

SECOND STAGE

Back 6

Developa safe symbiotic relationship or fusion with all-powerful mother.Differentiation between self and mother does not exist (< 6 months).

Front 7

THIRD STAGE

Back 7

Emergefrom mother’s protective circle and establish separate individuality (< 36months).

Front 8

ExplainMahler’s concept of separation-individuation.

Back 8

HATCHING (6-9 months): infantbecomes psychologically separated from mother.

PRACTICING (9-16 months):achieves a sense of its separate existence.

REPROACHMENT (16+ months):begins to develop feelings of personal identity.

Front 9

Whatare the two pressures associated with separation-individuation?

Back 9

- Wish to be taken care of bymother and unite with her.

- Desire to establish one’s ownidentity and independence.

Front 10

Whatis attachment?

Back 10

A secure emotional connectionto someone else.

Front 11

ExplainBowlby’s attachment theory.

Back 11

Secure attachment with motheris a basic part of human experience (carries survival benefits and develops asmother responds to infants needs). The child builds mental working models ofthe self, others, and the nature of relationships and later uses these torelate to the world.

Front 12

Whatare Bowlby’s 3 features and functions of attachment?

Back 12

1) Proximity maintenance(staying nearby).

2) Secure base (having a basefrom which to explore outward).

3) Safe haven (turning to forcomfort and reassurance).

Front 13

ExplainAinsworth’s attachment theory.

Back 13

See multiple answers on following cards.

Front 14

SECURE ATTACHMENT

Back 14

Learnedthat they can rely on special adults, feel loved, and have a secure base toexplore the world.

Front 15

INSECURE ATTACHMENT

Back 15

Ambivalent:learned that sometimes needs are met andsometimes they are not, clingy, and always looking for feelings of security.

Avoidant: learned that depending on caregiver will not give them the securefeeling they want and tend to take care of themselves.

Front 16

Whatwere the different reactions in the Strange Situation Test?

Back 16

SECURE: exploratory behaviour,normal distress at mother’s departure, and happy enthusiasm at her return(wants to be held).

AMBIVALENT: littleexploration, unusually upset at mother’s departure (separation anxiety), andapproach, rejection, and anger at her return (ambivalent response).

AVOIDANT: little exploration,calm at mother’s departure, and avoidance and rejection at her return (littleemotional response to the mother).

Front 17

Whatare some attachment assessment tools used in adulthood?

Back 17

- Attachment Style Prototype

- Collins & Read’s 18-item questionnaire

- Adult Attachment Interview(20 questions, semi-structured, 1 hour).

Front 18

Howare the different attachment styles manifested in adulthood?

Back 18

See multiple answers on following cards.

Front 19

SECURE

Back 19

More trust, closeness,and positive emotions. Have happy, friendly, longer lasting, and more committedrelationships. Believe that love is real and it stays.

Front 20

AVOIDANT

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Fear closeness andlack trust. Less accepting of their lover’s imperfections, struggle withintimacy and closeness, and not interested in their partners feelings. Believethat romantic love doesn’t last. Most likely to cheat.

Front 21

AMBIVALENT

Back 21

Preoccupied andobsessed with their relationship. Have obsessive and dependent relationshipsand experience extreme emotions. Believe that falling in love is easy, bit itdoesn’t last.

Front 22

Explainthe stability and specificity of attachment.

Back 22

STABILITY: prototype forrelationships arises in infancy and persists in the face of new experience. Anearned secure individual is one who used to have insecure attachment but hasdeveloped a secure attachment.

SPECIFICITY: peopledemonstrate different patterns for relationships in different contexts.

Front 23

Whatare some behaviours associated with each of the attachment styles?

Back 23

SECURE: seek support whenstressed, provide support to stressed partners, compassionate to others needs,exploratory, use social support to cope, and altruistic.

AVOIDANT: socialize less, seekless support when stressed, provide less support to stressed partners, lessresponsive to caregiving, use distance to cope, want something in return, feelobligated, and avoid negative.

AMBIVALENT: unhappy in theirjob, compulsive caregiving, self-criticism, use wishful thinking to cope, seekothers approval, and experience worry.

Front 24

Howdo the attachment styles related to the Big 5?

Back 24

SECURE: low neuroticism, highextraversion, high agreeableness, and high conscientiousness.

AVOIDANT: high neuroticism,low extraversion, and low agreeableness.

AMBIVALENT: high neuroticism,low extraversion, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness.*Openness not related to any of the 3attachment styles.

Front 25

ExplainErikson’s psychosocial theory.

Back 25

Describes 8 stages from birthto old age. Each stage is characterized by a central conflict around whichgrowth potential and vulnerability are high. Each stage results in thedevelopment of ego identity and competency through social interaction.

Front 26

Whatis ego identity?

Back 26

A sense of self that developsfrom transactions with social reality. It changes constantly in response toevents in the social environment.

Front 27

Whatare Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages? Describe each one.

Back 27

See multiple answers on following cards.

Front 28

INFANCY (0-1 YEAR)

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Conflicthere is trust vs. mistrust. This is the basis of proving that the worldand relationships are predictable.

Virtue:hope—enduring belief that wishes areattainable; optimism.

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EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-3 YEARS)

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Conflict here is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. This is the basis forfeelings of control and competency.

Virtue:will—determination to exercise freechoice.

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PRESCHOOL (3-5 YEARS)

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Conflict here is initiative vs. guilt. This provides a basis for a senseof power in the world. Initiative is characterized by exploring, manipulating,and asking questions.

Virtue:purpose—courage to pursue valued goalswithout fear of punishment.

Front 31

SCHOOL AGE (5-11 YEARS)

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Conflicthere is industry vs. inferiority. This provides a basis for a sense ofvalue and citizenship. Children feel they are mastering tasks in a sociallyacceptable fashion.

Virtue:competence—sense that one can do thingsthat others value.

Front 32

ADOLESCENCE (12-20 YEARS)

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Conflict here is identity vs. role confusion. This provides a basis foran integrated sense of private and social self. An individual’s view of selfmust be integrated with other’s view of them.

Virtue:fidelity—being true to yourself despitecontradictions.

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YOUNG ADULTHOOD (20's)

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Conflict here is intimacy vs. isolation. This provides a basis forclose, warm relationships, both sexual and non-sexual.

Virtue:love—sharing oneself with others.

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ADULTHOOD (30's-60's)

Back 34

Conflict here is generativity vs. stagnation. This provides a basis forpositively influencing the future.

Virtue:care—concern about nurturing what exists.

Front 35

OLD AGE (60+)

Back 35

Conflict hereis integrity vs. despair. This provides a basis for sense of order andmeaning in life.

Virtue:wisdom—active concern with life andcontinued personal growth.

Front 36

Whatis the common theme in all the psychosocial theories?

Back 36

Trust (Erikson, attachment, and object relations).

Front 37

Whatare some assessments used in the psychosocial perspective?

Back 37

- Bell Object RelationsInventory.

- Open-ended description ofmother and father.

- Emphasis placed on childhoodassessment.

Front 38

Whatare some problems in behaviour?

Back 38

Insecure attachment createsrisk for depression. Secure attachment appears to protect against many types ofpsychopathology.

Front 39

Whatare some therapies used in this perspective?

Back 39

- Play therapy techniques forchildren (child plays as they wish and has a chance to bring their feelings tothe surface and deal with them in order to change their self and relationshipmodels in a positive way).

- Emphasis on relationships as partof the therapeutic process.

- Undoing problematicexperiences from the past.

Front 40

Whatare some prospects of this perspective?

Back 40

Provides insights to howpersonality plays out in social relations and across the lifespan.