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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describe anatomy of respiratory system
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-air enters motuh/nose where removes material, warms/humidifies the air
-travels down pharynx (where food goes from mouth to esophagus) -into larynx, the glottis (opening of larynx) covered by epiglottis during swallowing -then into trachea (cartilaginous rings)-->bronchi (one per lung)-->bronchioles-->alveoli |
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each alveolus coated with
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surfactant: lowers surface tension, and prevents alveolus from collapsing on itself
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diaphragm under___control since made of __muscle
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somatic, skeletal
*breathing controlled autonomically |
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pleura=
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membranes surrounding each lung, closed sac against which lung grows
visceral adjacent to lung parietal is outer layer against chest wall intrapleural space: fluid in it to lubricate 2 pleural layers & PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL between space and lungs important for respiration |
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stages of ventilation (2)
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inhalation, exhalation
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inhalation
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-active process
-use diaphragm/ecxternal intercostal muscles to expand thoracic cavity -increasing cavity, contraction of diaphragm and chest wall moves out -intrapleural volume increases therefore pressure decrease -lungs at atmospheric pressure which higher than intrapleural -lungs expand as air comes rushing in -mechanism=negative pressure breathing |
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exhalation
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-diaphragm/external intercostals relax
-chest cavity volume decreases -intrapleural pressure increases -air pushed out since intrapleural pressure higher than in lungs -due to elastic recoil not active/not using muscles UNLESS *more active tasks can speed up exhaling using INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL |
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internal intercostal during exhalation
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-oppose external intercostal
-pull rib cage down -decrease volume of thoracic cavity |
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control of ventilation
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-regulated by neurons in medullla oblangata(ventiliation centers)
-sensitive to CO2 conc -partial pressure CO2 increase=respiratory rate increase -chemoreceptors on neurons measure blood pH for CO2 conc -limited but can control breathing via cerebrum until medulla kicks in |
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hypoventilation leads
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to increase CO2 conc
hyper leads to too little CO2 conc therefore inhibit ventilation |
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primary response to ____that drives ventilation
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rising CO2 not really O2
*only when oxygen falls very low does hypoxia drive ventilation response |
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spirometer
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measures amount of air in lung and rate of ventilation
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Lung capacities/volumes:
Total lung capacity(TLC)= vital capacity(VC)= Residual volume (RV) Tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume |
-RV+VC
-everything you breathed out, TV+ERV+IRV -amount left over in lungs after blow out everything *RV/VC/TLC represent extremes -amount normally breathe in -when breathe out the the last bit of air pushed out with respiratory muscles -amount of extra air we can take after tidal breath |
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gas exchange
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-driving force=pressure differential of gases
-deoxygenate blood has low partial pressure of O2 and high pressure of CO2 -gradient between blood and air in lungs already present as blood enters, no energy needed for gas transfer *O2 in alveoli down gradient from alveoli into pulm capillaries then binds hemoglobin, CO2 down gradient from capillaries into alveoli for expiration *passive |
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hwo respiratory adjust to higher altitudes
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-breathe more rapidly
-more red blood cells to carry O2 -alter binding dynamic of hemoglobin to oxygen -develop more blood vessels |
