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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What has a profound relationship with health? |
Nutritional status |
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What is the leading risk factor for death of under-5 children globally? |
Childhood underweight |
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What percent of all deaths in children under 5 are attributable to nutrition-related causes? |
45% |
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What is available to improve nutrition status? |
Low-cost, highly effective interventions |
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What has happened to the nutritional picture of the world in the last few decades? |
It has changed dramatically |
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What percent of the world's population is overweight or obese? Where do most of these come from? |
30% Low- and middle-income countries |
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What is closely linked with many communicable disease? What's the problem with prevention? |
Many non-communicable disease It is complex |
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What is nutrition central to? |
Achievement of MDGs |
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Malnutrition |
Improper nutrition - too much, too little, or the wrong kind |
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What are the three most commonly used indexes for child undernutrition? |
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Underweight |
Low weight-for-age 2 Z-scores below int'l reference |
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Stunting |
Failure to reach linear growth potential because of inadequate nutrition or poor health Measured as height-for-age 2 Z-scores below int'l reference |
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Wasting |
Weight, measured in kilograms, divided by height in meters squared that is 2 Z-scores below int'l reference |
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Overweight |
Excess weight in relative to height |
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How is overweight measured among adults? What is the reference guide? |
BMI Grade 1 (overweight) - 25.00 - 29.99 Grade 2 (obese) - 30.00-39.99 Grade 3 - > 40 |
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How is overweight measured in children? |
Weight-for-height 2 Z-scores about int'l reference |
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What are the immediate causes of undernutrition and what is their relationship? |
Inadequate dietary intake b/c weakens the body and opens it up to infection Illness makes it harder for people to eat, absorb the nutrients they take in, and raises the need for some nutrients Relationship creates cycle of illness & infection |
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What is the most immediate cause cause of overweight/obesity? What are other important factors? |
Increase in total energy intake WITH a decrease in energy expenditure Genetic and Cultural factors |
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What is the global rate of obesity being driven by? |
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How is nutritional status of infants and children gauged? How does this help? |
Measuring and weighing them Plotting weight & height on a growth chart, which indicates whether growth is normal |
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What are a large share of nutritional deficients? Is this important? |
Mild, but still have negative consequences on development |
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What is a low birth weight? |
2,500 grams < |
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What are the ranges of adult BMI? |
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What does undernourishment raise the risk of in young children and pregnant women? |
Risk of Illness Decreased Intellectual capacity |
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What are malnourished children who rapidly gain weight at high risk of? |
Nutrition-related chronic diseases as adults |
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What risk is increased for undernourished pregnant women? |
Dying of pregnancy-related causes |
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Where is Vitamin A found? What is associated with its deficiency? |
Leafy green vegetables Non-citrus yellow and orange fruits Carrots Xeropthalmia - can lead to permanent blindness |
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Why is vitamin A important? |
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Where is iodine found? What is associated with its deficiency? |
Some types of seafood Plants that are grown in soil that naturally contain iodine Goiter - growth on the thyroid Failure to develop to full intellectual potential |
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Where is iodine deficiency mostly found? Why? |
People who live in mountainous region Less seafood is consumed Soil is deficient in iodine |
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Where is iron found? What is associated with its deficiency? |
Fish, meat, poultry Fruits, grains, vegetables, nuts, dried beans Anemia - fatigue, weakness |
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What are iron-deficient pregnant women especially at risk for? |
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Where is the best source of zinc? What is associated with a severe deficiency? |
Red & White Meat, Shellfish Growth retardation, impaired immune function, skin disorders, hypogonadism, cognitive disfunction |
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What diseases are people deficient in zinc susceptible to suffer morbidity or mortality from? |
Diarrhea Pneumonia Malaria |
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Where is folic acid found? What is the deficiency of this associated with in pregnant women? |
Leafy green vegetables Enriched products (flour, etc.) Neural tube defects in children (i.e., spina bifida) |
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Where is calcium found? What can supplementation of this do? |
Dairy products Reduce risk of hyptertensive disorders of pregnancy |
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What is crucial for the prevention of obesity and noncommunicable diseases? |
A balanced, healthy diet |
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What are the basic components to a healthy diet? |
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What have saturated and trans fats been shown to be harmful to? How? |
Cardiovascular health Raising cholesterol levels |
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Where are saturated and trans fats largely found? |
Red meat Dairy Products Processed foods made with partially hydrogenated oils |
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What is sodium found in high quantities? |
Restaurant Processed foods |
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What can high sodium intake lead to? What is this a major risk factor for? |
Hypertension Stroke Fatal coronary heart disease |
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What is recommended to be the maximum amount of sodium intake per day? |
5 grams > |
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What does overconsumption of added sugars do? What does it not do? |
Provide large amounts of energy Provide specific nutrietns |
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What have sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) been scientifically proven to promote? |
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How much more likely are adults who drink one or more SSBs per day likely to be overweight or obese? |
27% |
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What are sources of dietary fiber? What does it prevent? |
Whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables Obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various cancers |
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What happens to whole grains when they are processed to produce refined carbohydrates? |
Most of the fibers and other nutrients are removed |
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How many more calories per day should a pregnant women consume? |
300 |
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What nutrients are especially important to pregnant women and their babies? |
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What can the birthweight of a baby determine? |
The extent to which a child will thrive and become a healthy adult |
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What sort of problems can occur when there are nutritional gaps during the "window of opportunity" (conception - 2 years)? |
Problems with stature and mental development Frequent infection |
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What is it especially important that young children receive nutritionally? |
Sufficient protein, energy, and fats Iodine, iron, vitamin A, zinc |
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What is a benefit of exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months? |
Children are likely to grow the best and stay the healthiest |
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What do adolescents need to grow? |
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What is a long term negative consequence of poorly nourished adolescent girls? |
They are more likely to give birth to an underweight child They are more likely to experience complications during pregnancy |
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What kind of diet do adults need in order to stay productive? |
A well-balanced one with protein, energy, and iron |
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What kind of foods can be harmful to adults? |
Foods that contain too much fat, cholesterol, sugar, or salt |
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What is important to consider when determining whether an older person can live on their own? |
Their nutritional status |
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What do older adults need? Why? |
Calcium Reduce risk of osteoporosis |
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What UNICIF region of the following has the highest prevalence of low birth weight? East Asia & Pacific CEE/CIS Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia |
South Asia - 28% |
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What UNICIF region of the following has the lowest prevalence of low birth weight? East Asia & Pacific CEE/CIS Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia |
East Asia & Pacific - 6% |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the highest prevalence of underweight under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
South-East Asia - 28% |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the lowest prevalence of underweight under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
2% Americas & Europe |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the highest prevalence of wasting in under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
South-East Asia - 14% |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the lowest prevalence of wasting in under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
1% Europe & Americas |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the highest prevalence of stunting in under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
Africa - 41% |
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What WHO Region(s) of the following has the lowest prevalence of stunting in under-5s in 2011? Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia |
8% Europe & Americas |
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In what region do children under 5 have the most vitamin A deficiencies? |
Africa - 41.6% |
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In what region do children under 5 have the least vitamin A deficiencies? |
Oceania - 12.6% |
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In what region do the most people have a zinc deficiency? |
Africa - 23.9% |
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In what region do the least people have a zinc deficiency? |
Oceania - 5.7% |
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In what region do the most people have an iodine deficiency? |
Europe - 44.2% |
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In what region do the least people have an iodine deficiency? |
Americas & the Caribbean - 13.7% |
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In what region do the highest percentage of pregnant women have a vitamin A deficiency? |
Asia - 18.4% |
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In what region do the lowest percentage of pregnant women have a vitamin A deficiency? |
Oceania - 1.4% |
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In what region do the highest percentage of children under 5 have an iron deficiency? |
Africa - 20.2% |
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In what region do the lowest percentage of children under 5 have an iron deficiency? |
Europe - 12.1% |
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In what region do the highest percentage of pregnant women have an iron deficiency? |
Africa - 20.3% |
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In what region do the lowest percentage of pregnant women have an iron deficiency? |
Americas & Caribbean - 15.2% |
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How many under-5 child deaths a year can be attributed to nutrition-related deaths? |
3 million |
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What percent of the world's population is overweight or obese? |
~30% = 2.1 billion people! |
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What has changed about obesity since 1980? |
It has nearly doubled |
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What has emerged as one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century? |
Childhood obesity |
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What country has the highest proportion of the world's obese people? |
The U.S. - 13% |
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In 2010, what region had the highest prevalence of obesity in adults? How about 2014? |
2010 - Americas 2014 - Americas |
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In 2010, what region had the lowest prevalence of obesity in adults? How about 2014? |
2010 - South-East Asia 2014 - South-East Asia |
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By what percentage have all regions had increase in obese population? |
1-2% |
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In what region are the most obese women as of 2014? |
America - 30% |
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In what region are the fewest obese women as of 2014? |
South-East Asia - 7% |
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In what region are the most obese men as of 2014? |
Americas - 24% |
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In what region are the fewest obese men as of 2014? |
South-East Asia - 3% |
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In what region were there the most overweight or obese under-5s in 1990? |
Americas - 6.4% |
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In what region where there the least overweight or obese under-5s in 1990? |
South-East Asia - 1.5% |
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In what region were the most overweight or obese under-5s in 2011? |
Europe - 12.5% |
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In what region were the least overweight or obese under-5s in 2011? |
South-East Asia - 3.3% |
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What region has seen the greatest increase in under-5 overweight or obese between 1990 - 2011? |
Europe - 7.4% |
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What region has seen the least increase in under-5 overweight or obese between 1990-2011? |
Western Pacific - 0.8% |
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How does maternal health affect the "bigger picture" of the family? |
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How does maternal health affect the "bigger picture" of children? |
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What nutritional issues can effect worker productivity? |
Both poor nutrition and overweight/obesity |
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What can trap poor households in cycles of debt and illness? |
Comorbidities of being overweight/obese have high medical costs |
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What can overweight/obesity cause issues with, specifically in children and adolescents? |
Mental health Harmful to academic achievement |
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What do policy makers need to realize about the importance of nutrition? |
It effects good health and human productivity |
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How should the government work with the food industry? |
Improve the way foods are fortified Be sure processed foods are health |
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Where should partnerships be created to improve health? |
Between Civil Society, Government, & Private Sector |
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What are examples of nutrition-specific interventions? |
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What are examples of nutrition-sensitive interventions? |
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What is the "enabling environment for nutrition"? What are examples? |
Laws, policies, resources, and institutional issues that relate to the approach countries take to nutrition and how effective they are at formulating, implementing, and monitoring nutrition interventions Taxing sweetened beverages or foods high in fat |
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What package of nutritional interventions, when given to pregnant women, can reduce child death by 15%? |
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What should a package of nutrition interventions for undernutrition include? |
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For the following nutrition interventions, what cost per DALY is averted? Vitamin A & Zinc Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition Behavior change interventions taken to scale Iron fortification Folic acid fortification |
$5 - $15 $40 $50 - $150 $66 - $115 $90 |
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What are the benefit cost ratios for the following interventions? Deworming Iron fortification of staples Salt iodination Folic acid fortification |
6:1 8:1 30:1 36:1 |
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What can international organizations do about the overweight and obesity issue? |
Set global nutrition and physical activity standards |
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What can governments do about the overweight and obesity issue? |
Promote campaigns Align national dietary goals with nutritional and agricultural policies |
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How can legislation be used to help the overweight and obesity issue? |
Restrict unhealthy food marketing aimed at children |
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How can schools impact overweight and obesity issues? |
Encourage healthy eating |
