Ch 8 Environment Health And Toxicology

Front 1

Health

Back 1

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Front 2

Disease

Back 2

An abnormal change in the body's condition that impairs important physical or phsychological functions

Front 3

morbidity

Back 3

illness

Front 4

mortality

Back 4

death

Front 5

What factos play a role in morbidity and mortality?

Back 5

Diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, physical factors, and psychological stress.

Front 6

The world is now transitioning from ______ diseases to ______ dieases.

Back 6

The world is now transitioning from *communicable* diseases to *chronic* diseases.

Front 7

What is allowing people to live longer?

Back 7

The progress in eliminating communicable dieases (e.g. smallpox, polio, malaria)

Front 8

Examples of communicable diseases

Back 8

smallpox, polio, malaria, respiratory illnesses, measles, diptheria.

Front 9

Examples of chronic dieases

Back 9

cardiovascular, cancer, lung disease

Front 10

Chronic disease now accounts for nearly ______ of total deaths worldwide.

Back 10

60%

Front 11

What are the predicted top five Leading Causes of Global Disease Burden for 2020?

Back 11

1. Heart Disease
2. Depression
3. Traffic accidents
4. Stroke
5. Chronic lung disease.

Front 12

What are the top five Leading Causes of Global Disease Burden for 1990?

Back 12

1. Pneumonia
2. Diarrhea
3. Prenatal conditions
4. Depression
5. Heart Disease

Front 13

How many smokers are there currently?

What is the predicted increase by 2020?

Back 13

1.1 Billion smokers today

Expected to increase by 50% by 2020

Front 14

Communicable diseases cause ____ of all disease- related deaths?

Back 14

1/3

Front 15

How many cases of malaria are reported per year?

How many people die from a malaria each year?

Back 15

300 million cases per year.

1 million deaths.

Front 16

emergent disease

Back 16

a disease that has not been previously known or that has been absent for at least 20 years.

Front 17

List four emergent diseases

Back 17

HIV/AIDS, SARS, Avian Flu, West Nile

Front 18

What is an important factor in the spread of many diseases?

Back 18

The speed and frequency of modern travel (e.g. SARS)

Front 19

How many people are infected with HIV now?

How many people die of HIV/AIDS every year?

Back 19

60 million now infected

3 million deaths per year

Front 20

Where is HIV/AIDS most rapidly spreading?

Back 20

Asia

Front 21

In Botswana, ____ of all current 15-year-olds will likely die of AIDS.

Back 21

2/3

Front 22

What is the subject matter of the book "The Red Queen" by Matt Ridley?

Back 22

* Main ideas is that humans and animals have always been in a constant battle agaisnt diseases.

* We are running just to keep up, not to get anywhere (hence title)

* Our entire sexual structure (two gender) is set up so as to help battle diseases.

Front 23

Recent Emergence of mosquito related diseases because of ...?

Back 23

*Increasing global temperatures have allowed mosquito's to move beyond usual environment boundaries.

*Urban areas have become ideal breeding grounds for mosquitos (mosquito's lay eggs on standing water)

Front 24

Ecological Diseases of domestic animal and wildlife also experience...

Back 24

sudden and widespread epidemics

Front 25

The overuse of _____ and _____ has led to highly resistent diseases.

Back 25

pesticides and antibiotics

Front 26

The parasite that causes _______ is now resistant to most antibiotics, while ______ have developed resistance to many insecticides.

Back 26

*malaria* is resistant to antibiotics

*mosquitos, the vectors for malaria* are resistant to insecticides

Front 27

Besides antibiotic oversuse, what three other factors have led to an increased resistance to antibiotics?

Back 27

* short life spans of vector insects speeds up natural selection.
* pharmaceutical companies do not have an incentive to stay ahead of antibiotics before a resistance is developed to them.

* people do not finish the full-course of antibiotics prescribed.

Front 28

Half of the 100 million antibiotic doses prescribed in the U.S. are _____ or _____

Back 28

*unnecessary* or *are the wrong drug*

Front 29

What percentage of all antibiotics manufactured in the U.S. are fed to farm animals?

Back 29

more than half

Front 30

What are the two categories for dangerous chemicals?

Back 30

*Hazardous-Dangerous* and *Toxin- Poisonous*

Front 31

What are the properties of Hazardous Chemicals?

Back 31

They are flammable, explosive, irritant, acid, and caustic.

Front 32

Why are makes Toxins poisonous?

Back 32

They react on the cellular level and are harmful even in dilute concentrations.

Front 33

Neurotoxins:

Back 33

Special class of poisons that specifically attack nerve cells (e.g. lead, mercury)

Front 34

Mutagens:

Back 34

agents that damage or alter genetic material
(ex: radiation)

Front 35

Teratogens:

Back 35

specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and development

(e.g. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

Front 36

Carcinogens:

Back 36

substances that cause cancer

Front 37

Allergens:

Back 37

substances that activate the immune system

Front 38

Allergens can come from both ______ and ________ sources

Back 38

*natural* and *chemical* sources

Front 39

What toxins are responsible for "Sick Building Syndrome"?

and how are they introduced into the environment?

Back 39

- Allergens such as formaldehyde, molds
- eneter environment because of poorly ventilated indoor air contaminated

Front 40

What are the symptoms of "Sick Building Syndrome"?

Back 40

headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue

Front 41

According to the EPA, how much money is lost in worker productivity because of allergens?

Back 41

$60 million

Front 42

What two major groups are toxins divided into?

Back 42

*Water-soluble toxins* and * Oil-soluble toxins*

Front 43

________-soluble compounds move rapidly through the environment, and have ready access to most human cells

Back 43

*Water-soluble*

Front 44

_______-soluble compounds generally need a carrier to move throught the environment, but penetrate readily into lipid tissues and cells

Back 44

*Oil-soluble*

Front 45

Bioaccumulation

Back 45

toxins that are dilute in the environment can build to dangerous levels inside cells and tissues

Front 46

Biomagnification

Back 46

Toxic burden of a large number of organisms at lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator at a higher level.

Front 47

What is the most commonly used and widely accepted toxicity test?

What is one of the problems with this kind of test?

Back 47

Animal Testing.

Problems is that there is a difference in sensitivity between animals.

Front 48

LD50:

Back 48

Dose at which 50% of the test population is sensitive.

Front 49

Acute Effects:

Back 49

Caused by a single exposure and result in an immediate health problem .
Therefore, they are easier to detect and quantify

Front 50

Chronic Effects:

Back 50

Long-lating. Can be the result of a single large dose or repeated smaller doses.
Therefore, very difficult and expensive to assess (ex: carcinogens)