Ch 8

Front 1

Site where 2 or more bones meet

Back 1

Articulations (joints)

Front 2

Functions of joints

Back 2

1. Give skeleton mobility

2. Hold skeleton together

Front 3

Classifications of joints

Back 3

1. Functional

2. Structural

Front 4

Functional classifications are based on___

Back 4

Amount of movement joint allows

Front 5

Functional classifications

Back 5

1. Synarthroses (immovable joints)

2. Ampiharthroses (slightly movable)

3. Diarthroses (freely movable joints)

Front 6

Most common functional classification

Back 6

Diarthroses

Front 7

Structural classification of joints are based on

Back 7

- material binding bones together

- presence/ absence of joint cavity

Front 8

Structural classification

Back 8

1. Fibrous joints

2. Cartilaginous joints

3. Synovial joints

Front 9

Fibrous joints

Back 9

- Joined by fibrous connective tissue

- NO joint cavity

- most synarthrotic ( NOT movable)

Front 10

Types of fibrous joints

Back 10

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Gomphoses

Front 11

Sutures

Back 11

Fibrous joints:

Rigid, interlocking.

Immovable joints for protection of brain

Contain short connective fibers

Allow for growth during youth

In mid age, sutures ossify and fuse (synostoses)

Front 12

Syndesmoses

Back 12

FIBROUS JOINTS:

- Bones connected by ligaments

Fiber length and movement vary

Front 13

When sutures ossify and fuse

Back 13

Synostoses

Front 14

If fibers of Syndesmoses are short. Is there much movement of joints?

Back 14

Little or NO movement

(EX: tibula and fibula)

Front 15

If fibers of Syndesmoses are long. Is there any joint movement?

Back 15

Yes, large amt of movement is possible

(EX: radius and ulna)

Front 16

Gomphoses

Back 16

FIBROUS JOINTS;

- peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

-Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Front 17

Cartilaginous joints

Back 17

- Bones United by cartilage

- NO JOINT CAVITY

- NOT highly movable

Front 18

Types of cartilagous joints

Back 18

1. Synchondroses

2. Symphyses

Front 19

Synchondroses. Examples

Back 19

CARTILAGOUS JOINTS;

- bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones

- EXAMPLE:

-temporary epiphyseal plate joints

- cartilage of 1st rib and the manubrium

ALL SYNARTHROTIC

Front 20

Symphyses. Examples

Back 20

CARTILAGOUS JOINTS;

- fibrocartilage unites bone

- hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage

- strong, flexible ampiarthroses

Example: pubic symphysis

Front 21

Synovial joints

Back 21

- Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

-all are diarthrotic

-ex: limb joints, most joints of body.

Front 22

Distinguishing features of synovial joints

Back 22

1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage

2. Joint (synovial) cavity

3. Articular (joint) capsule

4. Synovial fluid

5. Reinforcing ligaments

6. Nerves and blood vessels

Front 23

Explain the articular cartilage and joint cavity feautures

Back 23

1.articular cartilage: Prevents crushing bone ends

2. Joint cavity: Small, fluid-filled potential space

Front 24

Layers of articular (joint) capsule

Back 24

1. External fibrous layer;

Dense Irregular connective tissue

2. Inner synovial membrane;

Loose connective tissue

makes synovial fluid

Front 25

Synovial fluid features

Back 25

- viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

- lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

- contains phagocytotic cells

(Viscous =thick)

Front 26

Different types of reinforcing ligaments

Back 26

1. Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer

2. Extracapsular: outside the capsule

3. Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

Front 27

Nerves and blood vessels (synovial joints feautures)

Back 27

- nerve fibers

- capillary beds

Front 28

Fatty pads

Back 28

Protects against trauma and injury.

Found in some synovial joints like the hip and knee joint.

Front 29

Articular discs also called__.

Back 29

Menisci

Separate articular cartilage

- improve fit between articulating bone ends

- stabilize joints

-reduce wear and tear

Front 30

Sacs joined with synovial membrane. Function

Back 30

Bursae; reduce friction

Front 31

Tendon sheaths

Back 31

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

Front 32

Stability factors of synovial joints

Back 32

1. Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)

(Determine how joint can move)

2. Ligament number and location (limited role) ( the more ligaments the stronger)

3. Muscle tendons that cross joint (most important )

Front 33

What keeps muscle taut?

Back 33

Muscle tone

Front 34

Types of synovial joints

Back 34

1. Planar joint

2. Hinge joint

3. Pivot joint

4. Condyloid joint

5. Saddle joint

6. Ball-and-socket joint

Front 35

Planar joint example

Back 35

Joint surface flat and slightly curved.

Allows back n forth and side to side movement.

Ex: intercarpal joints

Front 36

Hinge joint

Back 36

Convex surface of a bone fits into concave surface of another.

An open and closing action, like a hinge

Ex: Elbow joints

Front 37

Pivot joint

Back 37

Allows rotation around longitutional axis

Ex: atlantoaxial joint

Front 38

Condyloid joint

Back 38

Oval-shaped projections of one bone fits into Oval-shaped depression of another.

Ex: Wrist joints

Front 39

Saddle joint

Back 39

A modified condyloid. ROM us expanded to move around all 3 axes.

Ex: carpometacarpals joints of thumbs

Front 40

Ball-and-socket joint

Back 40

Has the most ROM of any joint in body. Ball surface of one bone fits into cup like depression of another bone.

Ex: shoulder joints

Front 41

Different between:

Syndesmoses

Synarthrosis

Synostoses

Symphyses

Synchondroses

Back 41

- Syndesmoses: fibrous joints

- Synarthrosis: immovable joints

- Synostoses: suture ossify into one unit

- Symphyses: cartilaginous joints (fibrocartilage)

- Synchondroses: cartilaginous joint (hyaline cartilage)

Front 42

Origin and insertion

Back 42

Origin attach to immovable bone

Insertion attach to movable bone

Front 43

What does muscle contraction cause?

Back 43

Insertion to move toward origin

Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes.

Front 44

ROM allowed by synovial joints

Back 44

1. Nonaxial: slipping movement only

2. Uniaxial: movement in one plane

3. Biaxial: movement in 2 planes

4. Multiaxial: movement in or around all 3 planes

Front 45

ROM is affected by

Back 45

Hormones

1. Relaxin: increase flexibility of pubic symphysis. (Child birth)

2. Disuse: restricted movement if joint not used for extended time

Front 46

Types of movement at synovial joints

Back 46

1. Gliding: (waving)

2. Angular movements: (noding head)

3. Rotation: medial/lateral rotation (shaking head)

Front 47

Gliding movement

Back 47

One flat bone surface glides or slips against another one

Front 48

Abduction

Back 48

Away from midline

Front 49

Adduction

Back 49

Adding to midline

Front 50

Largest most complex joint of body

Back 50

Knee joint

Front 51

Knee joint

Back 51

3 joints surrounded by a single joint cavity

-femoropatellar joint: (gliding when knee flex)

- lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints: allow Flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee partially flexed

Front 52

Modified hinge joint

Back 52

Knee joint

Front 53

Extra ligament found on the knee discovered 2 years ago.

Back 53

Anterolateral ligament (ALL)

Front 54

Inflammatory or degenerative disease that damages joints

Back 54

Arthritis

Front 55

Wear-and-tear irreversible disease

Back 55

Osteoarthritis

Front 56

What are luxations

Back 56

Dislocations

Front 57

Subluxation

Back 57

Partial dislocation

Front 58

More cartilage destroyed than is replaced

Back 58

Osteoarthritis

Front 59

Palms face front

Back 59

Supine