Ch. 7 - Age Of European Exploration – Ad 1450-1600

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European explorers assumed that because Native American technology seemed less developed than theirs, Native Americans were

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less capable, less “civilized,” than they were.

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Native Americans actually had more complex

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cultures than many in Europe at the time

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The Native Americans were not immune to

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European diseases, and also lacked their technology of guns and armor, so their numbers rapidly declined after European contact.

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Due to the Crusades, goods passed through many

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middle men, and the final cost was high, so people began to look for new trade routes

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Due to Marco Polo’s journey, Europeans had knowledge of

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existing foreign lands, and a desire to reach them; they spent many centuries looking for new trade routes

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The cost of goods that finally made it to Europe from the East was

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very high

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European merchants and traders started to look for

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new trade routes that by-passed Muslims, local leaders, and Italian merchants; they believed in a water route

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The Europeans wanted

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gold, silver, spices, and silks from the East, and anything else that would help them gain wealth by selling

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People also explored because they were

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looking for adventure, curious, or eager for glory and praise

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Monarchs sponsored exploration to

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accomplish many things, gain wealth, and gain the power of claim to foreign lands

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Explorers were sent to establish

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colonies and discover raw materials that were needed by the home country

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The Ottoman Turks invaded the remains of the

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Byzantine Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453

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European countries feared Muslim

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invasions because of several previous attempts

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Explorers looked for Prester John because

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he was a mythical king in Asia, thought to be a Christian; with his help they hoped to defeat the Muslims and preserve Christianity

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Some explorers wanted to spread

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the gospel to heathen cultures

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Explorers needed ships that could

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cross the open sea, and tools for navigating these voyages and maps

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The Caravel ship design had

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triangular sails for maneuvering in port and traveling quickly in shallow water as well as a square sail to catch more wind and travel quickly over the open sea; a more advanced design

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Ships played a role in

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exploration, trade, and defense, as well as wars between nations

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Navies became important because

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they were needed to defend trade routes and enable the establishment of colonies

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Navigation

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finding your way around

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Maps were used and improved because

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they helped people get around better; traders and fisherman gave more accurate input; the search for trade routes brought new information to make more accurate maps

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The printing press made maps

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quickly and at a lower cost

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Maps came to include information such as the trade winds so that

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early explorers could know where to catch these favorable winds that blew them across the Atlantic

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Knowing the locations of the doldrums and horse latitudes could save

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lives, so that they would not be stuck without horizontal wind, having only updrafts and downdrafts

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The Chinese developed a compass using

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a magnetic material called lodestone

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By the 15th century, the improved compass was the most useful because

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it was composed of a needle on a pin, over a base with several directions, to set and follow an accurate course

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The astrolabe was used to help determine

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the latitude when on a ship; it was difficult to use on a ship, and they also had inaccurate timing, while accurate timing was needed to use the astrolabe well; it was replaced with more accurate devices

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Early navigation often relied on dead reckoning, meaning

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a seaman would guess his location, estimate his speed, look at his map, and aim for a compass heading that he thought would get him to his goal; they used the astrolabe to improve their accuracy

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Naval warfare has existed since

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people have sailed ships, because people have a greedy nature

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During the age of exploration, a new weapon called

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the cannon was added to ships

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Fleets of ships were used for

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trade and defense against piracy

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Some ships were designed specifically for

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fighting, to escort ships along trade routes

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Two countries on the Iberian Peninsula are

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Portugal and Spain

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Portugal and Spain began to explore

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Africa, Asia, and the Americas to find a new trade route to the East

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1492 was a remarkable year because

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Columbus sailed in search of a western route to the East in the same year the Iberian Peninsula was freed from the last trace of Muslim influence

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The Portuguese and Spanish mapmaking and navigational skills were from

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the Moors (Spanish Muslims)

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While Portugal explored south, Spain sent explorers

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west to find a new water route to the East

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The Portuguese and Spanish’s “crusading spirit,” led them to

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spread the Roman Catholic doctrine to foreign lands, and continue to struggle against the Muslims in other lands

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Arab and Italian traders controlled

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land routes to India and China

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In the 15th century, Prince Henry “the Navigator” sent

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sailors and ships to explore the coast of Africa

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To prepare his sailors, Prince Henry

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set up a school for navigation, where the sea captains learned how to use new methods and instruments

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In AD 1487, Portuguese explorer, Bartolomeu Dias’s ship rounded

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the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

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The Cape of Good Hope is

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the southern tip of Africa

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In 1497, Vasco Da Gama’s ship landed on

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the southeast coast of India, after also rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and sailing up the east coast of Africa, and stopping at trade cities along the way

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The people of India were not impressed by

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the Portuguese goods of cloth, honey, and oil

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The profit from the spices they bought insured

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that the Portuguese would make 60 more voyages, and extend their exploration even farther East

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Muslim merchants opposed da Gama’s efforts to trade with

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the Indians, and made efforts to block Portuguese trade; were easily defeated by the heavily armed Portuguese ships

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In AD 1505, the Portuguese sent a fleet of

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22 ships to India to establish settlements and to protect their growing trade with India

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In the early 1500s, Portugal became the first country to

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make contact with China; they established trade with the Chinese, which weakened the Muslims’ and Italians’ trade with the East, but brought great wealth to Portugal

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In the mid-1500s, Francis Xavier arrived in

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Japan and sought to convert the people to Roman Catholicism; Portuguese were among the 1st Europeans to land in Japan

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Christopher Columbus was

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an Italian explorer who believed he could get to the East by sailing west, to discover a shorter route to China

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In 1492, the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, financed

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Christopher Columbus’s exploration; set sail with 3 ships

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Columbus’s plan was to land in

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the Indies (Indonesia) near the mainland of China

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He actually landed in the

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Caribbean islands (Hispaniola), near the mainland of the Americas; he called the natives Indians, because he thought he was in the Indies

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In AD 1519, Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet rounded

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the tip of South America, and crossed the Pacific, but was killed in the Philippines; his crew members circumnavigated, and returned to Spain

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He named the Pacific Ocean because

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it was calm and peaceful (based on the Latin word for peace)

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Even though he died en route, he is credited with

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circumnavigating; sailing west to reach the East, and proving Columbus’s theory

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In 1577, Sir Francis Drake also

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sailed around the world on a 3-year voyage

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Sir Francis Drake reported

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new lands and people, enjoying God’s gifts in nature, and times of hardship like winds, storms, heat, and lack of fresh water

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Explorers searched for

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gold

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To gain power, wealth, land, resources, and converts, Spanish conquistadors

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discovered and destroyed Native American civilizations

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Hernando Cortes made contact with

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the Aztecs

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In 1519, Cortes arrived in the magnificent Aztec capital of

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Tenochtitlan

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Montezuma and his people thought Cortes was

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Quetzalcoatl, one of their gods

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The Aztecs came to realize that the Spanish appetite for

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gold and power knew no bounds; rejected Cortes’s leadership; Montezuma urged his people to submit to the Spanish, so they stoned him to death

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The Spanish had the advantage of

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guns, armor, and horses

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In 1521, Cortes destroyed

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Tenochtitlan, built Mexico City, and built a Roman cathedral over the Aztec temple

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Like Cortes, Francisco Pizarro was after

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gold, and was even more brutal, and used violent methods to seize it

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In 1531, Pizarro and his men took Atahualpa, the emperor of

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the Inca Empire, captive and made him give them enormous amounts of gold and silver

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Even though the Incas paid the ransom, Pizarro

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murdered Atahualpa, and made himself ruler of the empire

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In 1541, after Pizarro had destroyed Cuzco and founded Lima, he was

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killed by a group of Spaniards

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After taking Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Empire continued to capture and

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expand their Muslim Empire; collision with Europe was unavoidable, and there were several battles between the Europeans and Ottomans

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In 1571, at the Battle of Lepanto, Philip II of Spain

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defeated the Ottoman naval fleet

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The Ottomans quickly rebuilt

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their fleet, and also forced Venice to sign a peace treaty

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The Ottomans were unable to maintain both armies that were needed to

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fight enemies; the Ottomans became less of a threat to the Europeans as they fell behind in military technology and strategy

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Weakened by internal conflict, India was unable to

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resist European efforts to establish colonies

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Trading outposts in India were established by

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many countries including Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain; the establishment of outposts was followed by colonies, and much of India soon came under European control

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At first, China allowed limited

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trade with the Europeans

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Portuguese traders had restricted access to

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China by way of coastal cities like Cantor; they could only trade with specific cities, and no farther

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Over time, as the Chinese government weakened, Europeans

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pressured China to open its borders for more trade and on terms that were more favorable to the Europeans

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Briefly in the 16th century, between Japan and

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Europe, commerce and cultural exchange occurred

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By 1639, Japan began to

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expel foreigners and isolate themselves from continued foreign influence

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The Japanese continued to isolate themselves for the next

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250 years

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Siam traded with

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the Europeans, beginning when the Portuguese arrived in the 16th century

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By leadership and diplomacy, Thailand was able to

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protect itself from European colonization and used a tension between French and British powers to their advantage

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Conquistadors were sent to find gold, conquer territory, and

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spread Roman Catholicism

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Conversion was mostly left to the

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Catholic clergy

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Friar/missionary Bartome de Las Casas spoke out against the

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cruel treatment of the Indians by their fellow Spaniards; he played a key role in improving treatment of the Indians

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The Roman Church became

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the protectors of the Indians; Indians became loyal to the Roman Church

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As a result of the Native Americans’ loyalty, most of Central and South America came under

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the Church’s influence; many converted

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Many plants and animals were taken from the New World to the Old World; know at least 5 of them:

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avocados, beans, potatoes, chocolate, squash, pumpkins, corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco, peanuts, tomatoes, peppers, vanilla, pineapples, and turkey

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Plants and animals brought to the New World from the Old World included

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fruit trees, grape vines, horses, cattle, and pigs, and many more

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Tobacco from the West Indies became

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profitable when planted in America by the colonists; forests were cleared to plant more tobacco, and depleted soil was used for grazing growing herds of livestock

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Pigs were destructive because

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they ran wild, ate Indian food-plants, and carried many diseases that may have spread to the Indian food supply (through wildlife)

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Because of lack of contact, human borne diseases killed

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large numbers of Native Americans

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Some of the most devastating diseases were

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smallpox, typhus, and measles

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So many died because the “Indians” lacked

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previous exposure to these diseases, and therefore immunity to them

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Europeans were surprised to find

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complex cultures in India, China, and the Americas

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Some culturally accepted customs

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in one culture caused disgust in another culture

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Both cultures thought the other was

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less civilized, and barbaric

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The Europeans thought other cultures were inferior, so they had little regard for

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the lives of native populations and were brutal in conquering Indian civilizations and enslaving survivors

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People were killed and civilizations were destroyed for the love of

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riches and power