Ch. 6 Skeletal A&p

Front 1

____ _____-
* Contains no blood vessels or nerves
* Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

Back 1

Skeletal Cartilage

Front 2

Name the three types of Skeletal Cartilage

Back 2

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

Front 3

_____ cartilage
* Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

Back 3

Hyaline

Front 4

Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage

Back 4

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 5

What type of cartilage are these:
* Articular- covers the ends of long bones
* Costal- connects the ribs to the sternum
* Respiratory passages- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages
* Nasal- supports the nose

Back 5

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 6

* Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers
* found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Back 6

Elastic Cartilage

Front 7

* Highly compressed with great tensile strength
* Contains collagen fibers
* Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs

Back 7

Fibrocartilage

Front 8

GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
_____- cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Back 8

Appositional

Front 9

GROWTH OF CARTILAGE
_____- Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilag from within

Back 9

Interstitial

Front 10

______ of cartilage occurs
* During normal bone growth
* During old age

Back 10

Calcification

Front 11

____ ____- bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Back 11

Axial Skeleton

Front 12

The ____ skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body

Back 12

Axial

Front 13

____ _____- bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Back 13

Appendicular Skeleton

Front 14

The ____ skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body

Back 14

Appendicular

Front 15

____ bones- longer than they are wide (humerus)

Back 15

Long bones

Front 16

____ bones
* cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
* bones that form within tendons (patella)

Back 16

Short bones

Front 17

_____ bones-
thin, flattened, and a bit curved (sternum and most skull bones)

Back 17

Flat bones

Front 18

_____ bones-
bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones)

Back 18

Irregular bones

Front 19

Name the functions of the bones

Back 19

Support
Protection
Movement

Front 20

FUNCTION OF BONES
____- form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs

Back 20

Support

Front 21

FUNCTION OF BONE
_____- Provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Back 21

Protection

Front 22

FUNCTION OF BONE
_____- provide levers for muscles

Back 22

Movement

Front 23

FUNCTION OF BONES
____ ____- reservir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

Back 23

Mineral storage

Front 24

____ _____ _____- hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

Back 24

Blood cell formation

Front 25

* Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
* Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
* Joint surfaces
* Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

Back 25

Bone Markings

Front 26

Rounded projection

Back 26

Tuberosity

Front 27

Narrow, prominent ridge of bone

Back 27

Crest

Front 28

Large, blunt, irregular surface

Back 28

Trochanter

Front 29

Narrow ridge of bone

Back 29

Line

Front 30

Small rounded projection

Back 30

Tubercle

Front 31

raised area above a condyle

Back 31

epicondyle

Front 32

sharp, slender projection

Back 32

Spine

Front 33

any bony prominence

Back 33

Process

Front 34

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Back 34

Head

Front 35

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Back 35

facet

Front 36

rounded articular projection (the knuckle of any joint, a round)

Back 36

Condyle

Front 37

armlike bar of bone

Back 37

Ramus

Front 38

Canal-like passageway (ear)

Back 38

Meatus

Front 39

cavity within a bone

Back 39

Sinus

Front 40

shallow, basin-like opening (one in eye socket)

Back 40

Fissure

Front 41

Round or oval opning through a bone (like in the chin)

Back 41

Foramen

Front 42

Dense outer layer

Back 42

Compact bone

Front 43

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

Back 43

Spongy Bone

Front 44

____ bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis

Back 44

Long

Front 45

* Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
* Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
* Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

Back 45

Diaphysis

Front 46

* Expands ends of long bones
* Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone
* Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
* Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

Back 46

Epiphyses (structure of long bone)

Front 47

BONE MEMBRANES
____- double-layered protective membrane
* outer fibrous layer is dnese regular connective tissue
* Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
* Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina
* Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers

Back 47

Periosteum

Front 48

BONE MEMBRANES
______- delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone.

Back 48

Endosteum

Front 49

Structure of Short, Irregular, and ____ bones
* Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside
* Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
* Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

Back 49

Flat Bones

Front 50

LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE (RED MARROW)
* In ______
* Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone.

Back 50

Infants

Front 51

LOCATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE (RED MARROW)
* In _____
* Found in the diploe of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus

Back 51

Adults

Front 52

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____ _____, or osteon- the structural unit of compact bone

Back 52

Haversian system

Front 53

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______- weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

Back 53

Lamella

Front 54

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______, or central canal- central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

Back 54

Haversian

Front 55

_____ _____- channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Back 55

Volkmann's Canal

Front 56

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____- Mature bone cells

Back 56

Osteocytes

Front 57

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
_____- Small cavities in bone that contains osteocytes

Back 57

Lacunae

Front 58

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE: COMPACT BONE
______- hairlike canals that connect lacuna to each other and the central canal

Back 58

Canaliculi

Front 59

Name the chemical composition of bone: Organic

Back 59

* Osteoblasts
* Osteocytes
* Osteoclasts
* Osteoid

Front 60

Bone forming cells

Back 60

Osteoblasts (organic)

Front 61

Mature Bone cells

Back 61

Osteocytes (organic)

Front 62

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Back 62

Osteoclasts (organic)

Front 63

Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

Back 63

Osteoid (organic)

Front 64

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF BONE: _______
* Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts
* Sixty-five percent of bone by mass
* Mainly calcium phosphates
* Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

Back 64

Inorganic

Front 65

Bone Development
_____ and ______- the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
* The fromation of the bony skeleton in embryos
* None growth until early adulthood
* Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

Back 65

Osteogenesis and Ossification

Front 66

FORMATION OF THE ____ ____
* Begins at week 8 of embryo development
* Intramembranous ossification- bone develops from a fibrous membrane
* Endochondral ossification- bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Back 66

Bony Skeleton

Front 67

Formation of the bony skeleton bgins at week ___ of embryo development

Back 67

8

Front 68

____ ____- bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Back 68

Intramembranous ossification

Front 69

______ ______- bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Back 69

Endochondral ossification

Front 70

_____ _____
* formation of most of the flat bones ot the skull and the clavicles
* Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells

Back 70

Intramembranous Ossification

Front 71

STAGES OF INTRAMEMBRANOUS ______
* An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
* Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane
* Woven bone and peristeum form
* Bone collar of compact bone forms, and red marrow appears

Back 71

Stages of Intramembranous Ossification (possible essay question)

Front 72

An ossification center appears in the fibroous connective tissue membrane. What stage of Intramembranous ossification is this?

Back 72

1st stage

Front 73

What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane.

Back 73

2nd stage

Front 74

What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Woven bone and periosteum form.

Back 74

3rd stage

Front 75

What stage of intramembranous ossification is this? Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

Back 75

4th stage

Front 76

_____ _____
* Begins in the second month of development
* Uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction
* Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

Back 76

Endochondral Ossification

Front 77

Stages of Endochondral _____
* Formation of bone collar
* Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage
* Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation
* Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
* Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates

Back 77

Ossification

Front 78

______ bone growth
* Growth in length of long bones
* Cartilage on the side of the epiphyseal plate closest to the epiphysis is relatively inactive
* Cartilage abutting the shaft of the bone organizes into a pattern that allows fast, efficient growth
* Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form three functionally different zones: growth, transformation, and osteogenic

Back 78

Postnatal

Front 79

FUNCTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
* ____ zone - cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away form the diaphysis

Back 79

Growth Zone

Front 80

FUNTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
_______ zone - older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate.

Back 80

Transformation zone

Front 81

FUNCTIONAL ZONES IN LONG BONE GROWTH
_____ zone- new bone formation occurs

Back 81

Osteognenic zone

Front 82

_____ in _____ - cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone.

Back 82

Growth in length

Front 83

______- Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth as shown

Back 83

Remodeling

Front 84

During infancy and childhood, wpiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by ____ hormone

Back 84

Growth

Front 85

During puberty, ____ and ____:
* Initially promote adolescent growth spurts
* Cause masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton
* Later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth

Back 85

Testosterone and Estrogen

Front 86

____ units- adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces.

Back 86

Remodeling

Front 87

_____ _____
* Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
* Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese
* Alkaline phosphatase is essential for mineralization of bone.

Back 87

Bone Deposition

Front 88

_____ ____ is essential for mineralization of bone

Back 88

Alkaline phosphatase

Front 89

____ ____
* Sites of new matrix depostion are revealed by the:
* Osteoid seam- unmineralized band of bone matrix
* Cacification front- abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

Back 89

Bone Deposition

Front 90

____ _____- unmineralized band of bone matrix

Back 90

Osteoid Seam

Front 91

______ _____ - abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

Back 91

Calcification front

Front 92

Bone resorption is accomplished by ____

Back 92

Osteoclasts

Front 93

BONE RESORPTION
____ ____- grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix

Back 93

Resorption Bays

Front 94

_____ involves osteoclast secretion of:
* Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
* Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms (eat away)

Back 94

Resorption

Front 95

____ ____
Dissoved matrix is transcytosed across the osteoclast's cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood.

Back 95

Bone Resorbtion

Front 96

_____ is necessary for:
* Transmission of nerver impulses
* Muscle contraction
* Blood coagulation
* Secretion by glands and nerve cells
* Cell Division

Back 96

Calcium

Front 97

Two control loops regulate ___ ____
* Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
* Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton

Back 97

Bone Remodeling

Front 98

_____ _____
* Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin
* Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
* Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH
* PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood.

Back 98

Hormonal Mechanism

Front 99

Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release ____

Back 99

Calcitonin

Front 100

_____ stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone

Back 100

Calcitonin

Front 101

Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release _____

Back 101

PTH

Front 102

PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release _____ in the blood

Back 102

Ca2+

Front 103

RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STRESS
____ ____ - a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Back 103

Wolff's Law

Front 104

Observations supporting ___ ___ include
* Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest)
* Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle.

Back 104

Wolff's Law

Front 105

RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STRESS
_____ form along lines of stress

Back 105

trabeculae

Front 106

Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach is the response to ____ ____

Back 106

Mechanical stress

Front 107

Bone _____ are classified by:
* The postion of the bone ends after fracture
* The completeness of the break
* The orientation of the bone to the long axis
* Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin.

Back 107

Fractures

Front 108

_____ bone ends retain their normal position

Back 108

Nondisplaced

Front 109

______- bone ends are out of normal alignment

Back 109

Displaced

Front 110

bone is broken all the way through

Back 110

Complete

Front 111

bone is not broken all the way through

Back 111

Incomplete

Front 112

the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

Back 112

Linear

Front 113

the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Back 113

Transverse

Front 114

bone ends penetrate the skin

Back 114

Compound (open)

Front 115

bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Back 115

Simple (closed)

Front 116

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

Back 116

Comminuted

Front 117

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

Back 117

Spiral

Front 118

broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Back 118

Depressed

Front 119

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Back 119

Compression

Front 120

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying (legs may be uneven)

Back 120

Epiphyseal

Front 121

incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children

Back 121

Essay Question
Stages in the healing of a bone fracture
1. Hematoma formation
2. Site becomes Swollen, painful, and inflamed
3. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

Front 122

Stages in the healing of a ____ _____
* Hematoma formation
* Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
* A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
* Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed.
* Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
* Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture
* Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris

*

Back 122

Stages in the Healing of a Bone fracture

Front 123

The ______ callus forms when:
* osteoblasts and fibroblasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstructing the bone
* Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers that connect broken bone ends
* Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
* Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete an externally bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies

Back 123

Fibrocartilaginous

Front 124

Bony ____ formation
* New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus
* Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus
* Bone callus bgins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later

Back 124

Bony Callus

Front 125

* Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in th medullary canal is removed
* Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

Back 125

Bone Remodeling

Front 126

* Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
* Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
* Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

Back 126

Osteomalacia

Front 127

* Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
* Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
* Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency

Back 127

Rickets

Front 128

____ can result from insufficient vitamin D in the diet or from insufficient amounts of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. ____ can lead to skeletal deformation, such as vertebral or leg curvature. This X ray reveals bone deformation due to ____.

Back 128

Rickets

Front 129

Isolated cases of _____
* ____ has been essentially eliminated in the US
* only isolated cases appear
* Example: Infants of breastfeeding mothers deficient in vitamin D will also be vitamin D deficient and develop ____

Back 129

Rickets

Front 130

* Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
* Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
* Occurs most often in postmenopausal woman
* Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures.

Back 130

Osteoporosis

Front 131

______: Treatment
* calcium and vitamin D supplements
* increased weight-bearing exercise
* hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
* Natural progesterone cream prompts new bone growth
* Statins increase bone mineral density

Back 131

Osteoporosis

Front 132

_____ Disease
* Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
* Pagetic bone with an excssively high ratio of woven to compact bone is formed
* Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, cases spotty weakening of bone
* Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work.

Back 132

Paget's Disease

Front 133

* Usually localized in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
* Unknow cause (possibly viral)
* Treatment included the drugs Didronate and Fosamax
* ____ ____ is estimated to affect 3% of people over 40.
* More prevalent in some areas, such as in Europe and Australia

Back 133

Paget's Disease

Front 134

Developemental Aspects of ____
* Mesoderm gives rise to embyonic mesenchymal cells, which produce membranes and cartilages that form the embryonic skeleton
* The embryonic skeleton ossifies in a predictable timetable that allows fetal age to be easily determined from sonograms
* At birth, most long bones are well ossified (except for their epiphyses)

Back 134

Bones

Front 135

By ag of ____, nearly all bones are completely ossified

Back 135

25

Front 136

In old age, bone ____ predominates

Back 136

Resorption

Front 137

A single gene that codes for vitamin ___ docking determines both the tendency to accumulate bone mass early in life, and the risk for osteoporosis later in life.

Back 137

D