Ch 6 - Psych As A Natural Science

Front 1

What is the systemthatsenses,organizes,alters,stores, andretrievesinformation?

Back 1

Memory

Front 2

What model assumes that the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory, in a series of three stages?

Back 2

Information-Processing Model

Front 3

What model believes memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections?

Back 3

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

Front 4

What assumes info that is more "deeply processed", remembered for meaning not just physical appearance, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time?

Back 4

Levels of processing model
eg: (Shallow -> Deep)
Look like, sound like, does it mean

Front 5

What are the three memory systems?

Back 5

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Front 6

Which memory is lost within a second or so?

Back 6

Sensory memory

Front 7

Which memory is unrehearsed info is lost in about 15-30 seconds?

Back 7

Short-term memory

Front 8

Which memory has information retained indefinitely although some information may be difficult to retrieve?

Back 8

Long-term memory

Front 9

True or False: Memory processes move info between memory forms

Back 9

True

Front 10

Order the following in how they occur: retrieval, encoding, consolidation

Back 10

Encoding, Consolidation, Retrieval

Front 11

Which memory process step converts environmental and mental info into STM/WM?

Back 11

Encoding

Front 12

Which memory process step transfers STM to LTM?

Back 12

Consolidation

Front 13

Which memory process step pulls info from LTM?

Back 13

Retrieval

Front 14

In pattern recognition (the main process of sensory memory), iconic is _____ and occurs for ___ seconds while echoic is ____ and occurs for __ seconds.

Back 14

Visual, 1/4-1/2 sec

Auditory, 4 secs

Front 15

What is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input?

Back 15

Selective attention

Front 16

What is the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used?

Back 16

Short-term memory (STM)

Front 17

What is the active system that processes the information in short-term memory?

Back 17

Working memory (WM)

Front 18

Which scientist is known for his information on how quickly humans can hold information in short-term memory at any time?

Back 18

George Miller
(Limited capacity)

Front 19

What combines into meaningful units, more info can be held in STM?

Back 19

Chunking

Front 20

What is one of the first steps in creating a new memory and is primarily auditory but can be visual too? It generally takes 12-30 seconds without rehearsal.

Back 20

Encoding

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Front 21

What repeats info over and over in your head (using WM) to main in STM?

Back 21

Maintenance rehearsal

Front 22

What is the system of memory in which all information is placed to be kept more or less permanently?

Back 22

Long-term memory

Front 23

Which memory's capacity is seemingly unlimited and relatively permanent in duration?

Back 23

Long-term memory

Front 24

What is the method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way?

Back 24

Elaborative rehearsal

Front 25

Which long-term memory type has motor skills, habits, classically conditioned reflexes but is also implicit and procedural?

Back 25

Non-declarative memory

Front 26

Which long-term memory type is explicit and is generally based on facts (semantic memory) and is experienced by a person (episodic memory)?

Back 26

Declarative memory

Front 27

Which type of declarative (explicit) long-term memory incorporate facts and general knowledge?

Back 27

Semantic memory

Front 28

Which type of long-term memory incorporates events experienced by a person?

Back 28

Episodic memory

Front 29

True or False: the less cues stored with a piece of information, the easier the retrieval

Back 29

False; the MORE cues stored with a piece of information, the easier the retrieval

Front 30

What is the stimulus for remembering?

Back 30

Retrieval cue

Front 31

What are the memories for things that people know how to do, like tying shoes and riding bikes, and are a kind of LTM?

Back 31

Non-declarative (implicit) LTM

Front 32

What is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded?

Back 32

Encoding specificity

Front 33

What are memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state?

Back 33

State-dependent learning

Front 34

What is the retrieval of memories with little to no retrieval cues?

Back 34

Recall

Front 35

What is the retrieval process used when filling in blanks on an application form?

Back 35

Recall

Front 36

What is the retrieval process called that retrieves memories that match present sensory cues?

Back 36

Recognition

Front 37

What is the retrieval process called where you see someone you know and retrieve their name?

Back 37

Recognition

Front 38

What is the feature of recall in which information that is at the top and bottom of a list is more easily remembered?

Back 38

Serial position effect

Front 39

Words at the beginning of a list or more easily remembered than those in the middle of the list

Back 39

Primacy effect

Front 40

Words or facts at the end of a list are more easily remembered than those in the middle of the list

Back 40

Recency effect

Front 41

What is the recognition that occurs when one thinks that one recognizes someone or something but in fact does not?

Back 41

False positive

Front 42

Who was falsely identified for a series of robberies that were eventually confessed to by another man?

Back 42

Father Bernard Pagano

Front 43

What is it called when people see and hear after the fact can change their memories?

Back 43

Loftus's "protester" study

Front 44

What is automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotion event called?

Back 44

Flashbulb memories

Front 45

What is the retrieval/content of memories altered by new information called?

Back 45

Constructive processing

Front 46

What is the false belief that you knew the outcome of an event?

Back 46

Hindsight bias

Front 47

What is misleading information presented after an event that can affect memory accuracy for that event called?

Ex: misleading traffic signs

Back 47

Misinformation event

Front 48

What is the creation of inaccurate or false memories via others' suggestions?

Back 48

False-memory syndrome

Front 49

What syndrome is often caused while the person is under hypnosis and shows that hypnosis doesn't have to be present as long as there are visual cues?

Back 49

False-memory syndrome

Front 50

What is the failure to properly store information for future use?

Back 50

Forgetting

Front 51

What is the physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed?

Back 51

Memory trace

Front 52

What is the loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used?

Back 52

Decay

Front 53

What is the information that's learned earlier that interferes with information learned later called?

Back 53

Proactive interference

Front 54

What is the information that's learned later that interferes with information learned earlier called?

Back 54

Retroactive interference

Front 55

What is the stable strengthening of synaptic connections due to increased activity, believed to underlie all memory and learning called?

Back 55

Long-term potential (LTP)

Front 56

Which areas of the brain affect short-term memory?

Back 56

Frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes

Front 57

Which areas of the brain affect nondeclarative memories?

Back 57

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Front 58

Which areas of the brain affect the semantic and episodic memories?

Back 58

Frontal and temporal lobes (different locations than for STM)

Front 59

Which brain part plays a vital role in the formation of new declarative memories?

Back 59

Hippocampus