Ch 6 Intro To A P

Front 1

six functions of bone and the skeletal system

Back 1

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Assistance in movement

4. Mineral homeostasis

5. Blood cell production (red bone marrow)

6. Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)

Front 2

The skeletal system

Back 2

consists of all bones attached at joints and cartilage between joints

Front 3

bone classification

Back 3

On the basis of shape, bones are classified as long, short, flat, or irregular.

Front 4

Support

Back 4

structural framework for the body

supporting soft tissues

points of attachment for the
tendons of most skeletal muscles

Front 5

Protection

Back 5

skeleton protects many internal organs

cranial bones protect the brain

vertebrae (backbones) protect the spinal cord

rib cage protects the heart and lungs

Front 6

Assistance in movement

Back 6

most skeletal muscles attach to bones
when muscles contract, they pull on bones
Together bones and muscles produce movement

Front 7

Mineral homeostasis

Back 7

Bone tissue stores calcium and phosphorus

bone releases minerals On demand into the blood
to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis)

Front 8

Blood cell production (explained)

Back 8

Within certain bones a connective tissue
called red bone marrow produces
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Front 9

Blood cell production (Name)

Back 9

hemopoiesis

Front 10

Red bone marrow

Back 10

consists of developing blood cells
adipocytes
fibroblasts
macrophages

present in developing bones of the fetus

in some adult bones, pelvis, ribs, sternum (breastbone)
vertebrae (backbones), skull, ends of the arm bones and thigh bones

Front 11

Triglyceride storage

Back 11

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of
adipose cells, which store triglycerides

a potential chemical energy reserve

Yellow bone marrow also contains a few blood cells

With increasing age, much bone marrow changes from red to yellow.

Front 12

Short bones

Back 12

somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width

Examples:
most wrist and ankle bones

Front 13

Flat bones

Back 13

generally thin, afford considerable protection,
and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment.

Examples:
cranial bones, which protect the brain
the sternum (breastbone) and ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades)

Front 14

Irregular bones

Back 14

complex shapes and cannot be grouped
into any of the previous categories

Such bones include the vertebrae and some facial bones

Front 15

Name the parts of a long bone

Back 15

diaphysis (shaft)
epiphyses (ends)
metaphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary (marrow) cavity
endosteum

Front 16

The diaphysis

Back 16

The diaphysis is the bone's shaft or body

the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

covered by periosteum

Front 17

The epiphyses

Back 17

The epiphyses are the
distal and proximal ends of the bone

spongy bone

Front 18

The metaphyses

Back 18

the regions in a mature bone where
the diaphysis joins the epiphyses (spongy bone)

In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone known as the epiphyseal line

Front 19

The articular cartilage

Back 19

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone

Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints

articular cartilage lacks a perichondrium, repair of damage is limited

Front 20

The periosteum

Back 20

covers the diaphysis

a tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue / blood vessels surrounds the bone surface that is not covered by articular cartilage

The periosteum contains bone-forming cells - enable bone to grow in diameter or thickness, but NOT IN LENGTH

protects the bone
assists in fracture repair
helps nourish bone tissue
attachment point for ligaments and tendons

Front 21

The medullary cavity

Back 21

marrow cavity is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

Front 22

The endosteum

Back 22

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

contains a single layer of bone-forming cells

Front 23

Key long bone point

Back 23

A long bone is covered by articular cartilage
at its proximal and distal epiphyses

and by periosteum around the remainder of the bone

Front 24

Which part of a bone reduces friction at joints?

Produces blood cells?

Lines the medullary cavity?

Back 24

The articular cartilage reduces friction at joints;

red bone marrow produces blood cells;

the endosteum lines the medullary cavity

Front 25

bone makeup

Back 25

osseous tissue

extracellular matrix is
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts

Front 26

bone's hardness

bone's flexibility

Back 26

hardness - crystallized inorganic mineral salts,

flexibility - collagen fibers

Front 27

tensile strength

Back 27

resistance to being stretched or torn apart

Front 28

Four major types of bone cells

Back 28

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

Front 29

Osteogenic cells

Back 29

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed

the only bone cells to undergo cell division

the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts

Front 30

Osteoblasts

Back 30

bone-building cells

synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue

they become osteocytes

(Note: Blasts in bone or any other connective tissue secrete extracellular matrix.)

Front 31

Osteocytes

Back 31

mature bone cells
main cells in bone tissue

maintain daily metabolism
such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood

Like osteoblasts, osteocytes do not undergo cell division

(Note: Cytes in bone or any other tissue maintain the tissue.)

Front 32

Osteoclasts

Back 32

huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)

concentrated in the endosteum

release lysosomal enzymes - digest protein/mineral components of the bone extracellular matrix termed resorption

(Note: Clasts in bone break down extracellular matrix.)

Front 33

Compact (dense) bone

Back 33

osteons (haversian systems) with little space between them

Compact bone composes most of the bone tissue of the diaphysis.

compact bone protects, supports, and resists stress

Front 34

central canal

Back 34

A central or haversian (ha-VER-shun) canal
is a channel that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Front 35

concentric lamellae

Back 35

rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix that resemble the growth rings of a tree

Front 36

Spaces between the lamellae

Back 36

lacunae (singular is lacuna) contain osteocytes

canaliculi radiate from the lacuna
(filled with extracellular fluid)

osteocytes are inside the canaliculi

canaliculi connect lacunae with one another and with the central canals

Front 37

(volkmann's) canals

Back 37

Canals from the from the periosteum that perforate the bone for

Blood vessels
Llymphatic vessels
Nerves

Front 38

Spongy bone tissue

Back 38

Trabeculae surrounding many red bone marrow–filled spaces

forms most of the short, flat, and irregular bones and the epiphyses of long bones

spongy bone stores red bone marrow and provides some support

Front 39

The process by which bone forms

4 situations

Back 39

ossification

(1) the initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus

(2) the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until their adult sizes are reached

(3) the remodeling of bone (replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue throughout life);

(4) the repair of fractures (breaks in bones) throughout life.

Front 40

intramembranous ossification steps

Back 40

Development of the ossification center

Calcification

Formation of trabeculae

Development of the periosteum

Front 41

Intramembranous ossification - where?

Back 41

occurs within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble
membranes.

Front 42

endochondral ossification - def

Back 42

the replacement of cartilage by bone

Most bones of the body are formed in this way

Front 43

endochondral ossification - steps

Back 43

in a long bone:

Development of the cartilage model

Growth of the cartilage model

Development of the primary ossification center

Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity

Development of the secondary ossification centers

Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

Front 44

Epiphyseal plate

Back 44

The hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone; site of lengthwise growth of long bones

Front 45

Perichondrium

Back 45

The membrane that covers cartilage.

Front 46

Periosteum

Back 46

The membrane that covers bone

consists of
connective tissue
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts;

is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

Front 47

Articular cartilage

Back 47

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces.

Front 48

Epiphyseal line

Back 48

the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in the metaphysis of a long bone

Front 49

Growth in Length

Growth in diameter

Back 49

Bone growth in length is related to the activity of the epiphyseal plate

Bone grows in diameter as a result of the addition of new bone tissue around the outer surface of the
bone.

Front 50

Bone remodeling

Back 50

Old bone is constantly destroyed by osteoclasts

new bone is constructed by osteoblasts

Front 51

Fracture

Back 51

A fracture is any break in a bone.

Partial: an incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack.

Complete: a complete break across the bone; that is, the bone is broken into two or more pieces.

Closed (simple): the fractured bone does not break through the skin.

Open (compound): the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

Front 52

Repair of a fracture

Back 52

phagocytes remove dead bone tissue

chondroblasts form fibrocartilage at the fracture site and this bridges the broken ends of the bone

fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone tissue by osteoblasts

bone remodeling occurs

Front 53

Normal bone growth

Back 53

minerals
(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium)

vitamins (A, C, D)

hormones
(hgh, insulin, thyroid hormones, sex hormones, and parathyroid hormone)

Front 54

What body functions depend on proper levels of Calcium Ca2+?

Back 54

Heartbeat
respiration
nerve cell functioning
enzyme functioning
blood clotting

Front 55

Parathyroid hormone

Back 55

increases blood calcium level

decreases blood phosphate level

Front 56

Calcitonin

Back 56

Calcitonin (CT) lowers blood calcium level

Front 57

Exercise and Bone Tissue

Back 57

1. Mechanical stress increases bone strength by increasing deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers.

2. Removal of mechanical stress weakens bone through demineralization and collagen fiber reduction

Front 58

Axial skeleton

Back 58

Cranium - 8
Face - 14
Hyoid - 1
Auditory ossicles - 6
Vertebral column - 26

Thorax
Sternum - 1
Ribs - 24

Total 80

Front 59

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 59

Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Clavicle - 2 Scapula - 2

Upper limbs
Humerus - 2 Ulna - 2
Radius - 2 Carpals - 16
Metacarpals - 10 Phalanges - 28

Pelvic (hip) girdle
Hip or pelvic bone - 2

Lower limbs -
Femur - 2 Patella - 2
Fibula - 2 Tibia - 2
Tarsals - 14 Metatarsals - 10
Phalanges - 28

Subtotal = 126
Total in an adult skeleton = 206

Front 60

hyoid bone

Back 60

NOT PART OF THE SKULL

supports the tongue

it does not articulate with or attach to any other bone

it is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles

Front 61

Skull

Back 61

two sets of bones:
22 total bones

Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity

Fourteen facial bones form the face

Front 62

Cranial bones

Back 62

frontal bone

two parietal bones

two temporal bones

occipital bone

sphenoid bone

ethmoid bone

Front 63

Facial bones

Back 63

Fourteen facial bones

two nasal bones
two maxillae
two zygomatic bones
the mandible
two lacrimal bones
two palatine bones
two inferior nasal conchaed
the vome

Front 64

What is the largest foramen in the skull?

Back 64

The foramen magnum is the largest foramen in the skull.

Front 65

Ethmoid bone

Back 65

The ethmoid bone is the major supporting structure of the nasal cavity

Front 66

What part of the ethmoid bone forms the top part of the nasal septum?

Back 66

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the top part of the nasal septum.

Front 67

Sutures

Back 67

an immovable joint in most cases in an adult that holds skull bones together

Front 68

Four types of sutures

Back 68

The coronal - suture unites the frontal bone and two parietal bones

The sagittal suture unites the two parietal bones

The lambdoid suture unites the parietal bones to the occipital bone.

The squamous sutures unite the parietal bones to the temporal bones

Front 69

Paranasal sinuses

Back 69

mucous membrane-lined spaces in

-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-maxillary bones

that connect to the nasal cavity.

Front 70

What are two main functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Back 70

The paranasal sinuses produce mucus and serve as resonating chambers for vocalization.

Front 71

Fontanels

Back 71

mesenchyme-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants

The major fontanels are the
-anterior
-posterior
-anterolaterals
-posterolaterals.

Front 72

Vertebral column

Back 72

26 vertebrae of an adult
33 vertebrae of a child

permits movement
encloses and protects the spinal cord
point of attachment for the ribs and back muscles

Also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column

Front 73

Vertebral column

Back 73

adult vertebral column
cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
sacrum (1) (5, fused)
coccyx (1) (4, fused)

Front 74

four slight bends called normal curves

Back 74

front of the body the cervical and lumbar curves are convex (bulging out)

the thoracic and sacral curves are concave (cupping in)

curves increase strength
maintain balance in the upright position
absorb shocks during walking and running
help protect the vertebrae from breaks

in the fetus, there is a single concave curve

Front 75

Vertebrae

Back 75

body

vertebral arch

Seven processes

Front 76

The body

Back 76

the thick, disc-shaped front portion, is the weight-bearing part of a vertebra.

Front 77

The vertebral arch

Back 77

extends backwards from the body of the vertebra

formed by two short, thick processes
the pedicles project backward from the body unite with the laminae

laminae flat parts of the arch and end in a single sharp, slender projection called a spinous process

Front 78

Seven processes

Back 78

transverse process (2)
single spinous process (1)
superior articular processes (2)
inferior articular processes (2)

Front 79

Thorax

Back 79

the sternum
ribs
costal cartilages
thoracic vertebrae

The thoracic cage protects vital organs in the chest area.

Front 80

The ribs

Back 80

true (pairs 1–7)
false (pairs 8–12).
floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12)

Front 81

breastbone

Back 81

sternum - is a flat, narrow bone in the center of the anterior thoracic wall

consists of three parts that usually fuse by age 25

upper part - manubrium
middle (largest) - the body
lowest (smallest) - the xiphoid process

Front 82

pectoral girdles

Back 82

or shoulder girdles attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

right and left pectoral girdles

a clavicle and a scapula

clavicle articulates with the sternum
scapula articulates with the clavicle and the humerus

Front 83

Upper Limb

Back 83

30 bones in each upper limb

humerus
ulna
radius
carpals (8)
metacarpals (5)
phalanges (14)

Front 84

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Back 84

two hip bones

attaches the lower limbs to the trunk at the sacrum

Each hip bone consists of three fused components:
ilium pubis ischium

Front 85

Lower limb

Back 85

composed of 30 bones:
the femur in the thigh
the patella (kneecap)
the tibia and fibula in the leg
7 tarsals (ankle bones)
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges (toes) in the foot

Front 86

Femur

Back 86

(thigh bone) is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

the femur bends medially, the knee joints are brought nearer to the midline of the body

bend is greater in females because the female pelvis is broader

Front 87

General structure

False (greater) pelvis

Pelvic inlet

Acetabulum

Obturator foramen

Pubic arch

Back 87

Female Male
Light and thin. Heavy and thick.

Shallow Deep

Larger/more oval Smaller/heart-shaped

Small/anteriorly Large/laterally

Oval Round

> than 90° angle < than 90° angle

Front 88

chondroblasts

osteoclasts

chondrocytes

osteocytes

osteoblasts

Back 88

secrete cartilage matrix

involved in bone resorption

mature cartilage cells

mature bone cells

cells that form bone

Front 89

run lengthwise through bone; contain blood vessels and nerves

connect central canals with lacunae

concentric rings of matrix

connect nutrient arteries and nerves from the periosteum to the central canals

spaces that contain osteocytes

Back 89

central (haversian) canal

canaliculi

lamellae

perforating (volkmann's) canal

lacunae

Front 90

endochondral ossification in the correct order:

Back 90

Chondroblasts produce growing hyaline cartilage surrounded by the perichondrium

Nutrient artery penetrates perichondrium
and osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts
begin to produce compact bone.

Primary ossification center and medullary cavity form.

Secondary ossification centers form at epiphyses.

Hyaline cartilage remains on the articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates.