Ch 6 Cartilage And Bone Connective Tissue

Front 1

chondroblasts

Back 1

most immature cartilage cells, they secrete the matrix of the cartilage

Front 2

chondrocytes

Back 2

cartilage cells that develops when chondroblasts become encased within the matrix and occupy small spaces called lacunae

Front 3

lacunae

Back 3

small spaces surrounding chondrocytes

Front 4

supports soft tissues, provides gliding surfaces at articulations, provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body

Back 4

name the functions of cartilage

Front 5

hyaline cartilage

Back 5

most abundant type of cartilage, found in every single articulation in the body

Front 6

perichondrium

Back 6

dense connective tissue covering cartilage. contains blood vessels and stem cells that can differentiate into cartilage

Front 7

fibrocartilage

Back 7

cartilage located between vertebrates and between the os coxa at the pubic symphysis and between hyline cartilage at the knees (called the miniscus)

Front 8

elastic cartilage

Back 8

cartilage located only in the outsides of the ears, and makes up the epiglottis

Front 9

interstitial growth (cartilage)

Back 9

growth from within the cartilage.

Front 10

appositional growth (cartilage)

Back 10

growth from outside of the cartilage.

Front 11

support and protect, assist in movement, blood cell production, and storage of mineral and energy reserves

Back 11

name the functions of bone

Front 12

red bone marrow

Back 12

where blood cells are produced, located in some spongy bone, contains stem cells that form all of the formed elements in the blood. as children it is found in spongy bone of most bones of the body. as adults red marrow turns into fatty tissue called yellow marrow

Front 13

yellow bone marrow

Back 13

as adults, red bone marrow degenerates and turns into this fatty tissue

Front 14

long bones

Back 14

bones that are longer than they are wide

Front 15

short bones

Back 15

bones with length nearly equal to their width

Front 16

flat bones

Back 16

bones with flat, thin surfaces, composed of parallel surfaces of compact bone with spongy bone composed of layer of internal spongy bone

Front 17

irregular bones

Back 17

oddly shaped bones, such as vertebrates and bones of the os coxa

Front 18

diaphysis

Back 18

shaft part of the long bone

Front 19

epiphysis

Back 19

at the end of each long bone, an expanded knobby region

Front 20

metaphysis

Back 20

the region in a mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, contains the epiphyseal line

Front 21

epiphyseal growth plate

Back 21

in a growing bone, in the metaphysis, where thin layers of hyaline cartilage provide for the continued lengthwise growth of the diaphysis

Front 22

epiphyseal line

Back 22

in adults, this is the remnants of the epiphyseal plate, consists of compact bone

Front 23

medullary cavity

Back 23

the hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains bone marrow

Front 24

endosteum

Back 24

an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone, such as the medullary cavity

Front 25

periosteum

Back 25

a tough sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone, except for areas covered by articular cartilage, anchored to bone by perforating fibers. protects bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves, and provides stem cells. has two layers: the fibrous layer and the cellular layer.

Front 26

perforating fibers

Back 26

fibers that anchor the periosteum to the bone, like velcro

Front 27

osteoprogenitor cells

Back 27

are stem cells, they become osteoblasts. located in the periosteum and the endosteum

Front 28

osteoblasts

Back 28

cells fromed from osteoprogenitor stem cells. secrete bone matrix, produce new bone, and once entrapped in the matrix they produce they become osteocytes

Front 29

osteocytes

Back 29

cells that are mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the matrix they have secreted. reside in lacunae. maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone. found between adjacent concentric lamellae

Front 30

osteoclasts

Back 30

large, multi nuclear, phagocytic cells, located within or adjacent to a depression or pit on the bone surface, remove matrix

Front 31

osteon

Back 31

a cylindrical shaped structure containing concentric rings and a hollow tube through the middle.

Front 32

central canal

Back 32

a cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon and runs parallel to it. contains blood vessels and nerves.

Front 33

concentric lamellae

Back 33

concentric rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal and form the bulk of the osteon. each ring, or lamellae, contains collagen fibers oriented in one direction and adjacent lamellae contain fibers running perpendicular to the first giving strength and resilience

Front 34

canaliculi

Back 34

tiny, interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that extend from each lacuna, travel through the lamellae, and connect to other lacunae and the central canal, permit intercellular contact and communication,

Front 35

perforating canals

Back 35

contain blood vessels and nerves and run perpendicular to the central canals and help connect multiple central canals

Front 36

circumferential lamellae

Back 36

rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone or internal to the endosteum. run the entire circumference of the bone

Front 37

interstitial lamellae

Back 37

leftover parts of osteons that have been particullay resorbed, fills in the spaces between osteons. makes up spongy bone

Front 38

ossification/ osteogenesis

Back 38

the formation and development of bone connective tissue

Front 39

intramenbranous ossification

Back 39

bone growth within a membrane, produces flat bones of the skull, mandible, central part of clavicle

Front 40

1. stem cells divide and differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells. some become osteoblasts - secreting bone matrix
2. calcium salts are deposited and crystallize, causes calcification, which entraps osteoblasts within lacunae in the matrix, creating osteocytes
3. stem cells around the osteocytes thicken forming the periosteum while osteoblasts are continually produced, grown, and developed. blood vessels branch throughout
4. lamellar bone replaces trabeculae of woven bone, spaces are filled and bone becomes compact while trabeculae are modified slightly and produce spongy bone

Back 40

intramembranous ossification: STEPS

Front 41

endochondral ossification STEPS

Back 41

-primary ossification center
-perichondrium around cartilage becomes infiltrated with blood
-cells in mesenchyme differentiate into osteoblasts
-a bony collar around the shaft of the long bone forms
-cartilage in the center is not getting any nutrients so it begins breaking down, forming a cavity in the middle
-nutrient vessel comes in and provides nutrients to the center
-osteoclasts come in and get rid of any deteriorated cartilage, while osteoblasts are secreting matrix to make bone. osteoblasts get stuck in osteoid and become osteocytes
-secondary ossification center
-same process without a bony collar, occurs at the ends of the bones. only ever makes spongy bone with a little rim of compact bone around the outside
-hyaline cartilage around the outside that never goes away for articulations
-where two ossification centers meet is epiphyseal plate, where hyaline cartilage is growing from
-after puberty the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line

Front 42

resting zone, growth zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone

Back 42

zones of the epiphyseal plate

Front 43

chondrocytes undergo mitotic cell division. cells begin to secrete new cartilage matrix and are pushed apart and eventually get their own lacuna. new cells are called chondrocytes

Back 43

explain interstitial cartilage growth

Front 44

perichondrium creates stem cells that differentiate into chondroblasts, these chondroblasts are located in the edge of the old cartilage and produce and secrete new cartilage matrix, they push apart and become chondrocytes occupying their own lacuna

Back 44

explain appositional cartilage growth

Front 45

axial skeleton

Back 45

skeleton that includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sacrum

Front 46

apendicular skeleton

Back 46

skeleton that includes the shoulder girdle down and the pelvic girdle down

Front 47

resting zone

Back 47

zone of epiphyseal plate that contains cartilage cells that are doing nothing

Front 48

growth zone

Back 48

zone of epiphyseal plate that contains cartilage cells that are mitotically active

Front 49

hypertrophic zone

Back 49

zone of epiphyseal plate where cells become bigger after mitosis, cells enlarge with out division

Front 50

calcification zone

Back 50

zone epiphyseal plate where cells become calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins deteriorating

Front 51

ossification zone

Back 51

zone of epiphyseal plate where new bone formation is occuring

Front 52

nucleus pulposus and annuius fibrosus

Back 52

name the two parts of intervertebral disks

Front 53

nucleus pulposus

Back 53

part of intervertebral disk that is like a little rubber ball in the middle, providing elasticity

Front 54

annuius fibrosus

Back 54

part of intervertebral disk that is a strong collar of callogen fibers surrounding a ball. this structure is surround by hyline cartilage

Front 55

costal facet

Back 55

a site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra.

Front 56

medial longitudinal arch

Back 56

arch in foot along the medial side, from the talus to the first metatarsal

Front 57

transverse arch

Back 57

arch in foot that crosses the foot through the middle from inside of foot to the outside of foot

Front 58

lateral longitudinal arch

Back 58

arch in foot that is on the outside of the foot, runs from pinky side behind the ball of the foot to the large round part on the posterior side of the foot

Front 59

fibrous

Back 59

most immovable type of joint classified structurally

Front 60

sutures

Back 60

type of fibrous joint that forms a seam, not straight, zigzagged to interlock with each other, rigit, usually a syn arthrosis

Front 61

syndesmosis

Back 61

type of fibrous joint that is a ligament, bone is connected by a ligament, at the ankle there are a bunch of them. can be any of the functionally classified articulations

Front 62

sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

Back 62

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

Front 63

fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial

Back 63

how can joints be classified structurally? (3)

Front 64

gomphosis

Back 64

type of fibrous joint that is found between teeth and socket, is usually a syn arthrosis

Front 65

synchondroses, and symphyses

Back 65

what are the two type os cartilagenous joints

Front 66

cartilagenous joint

Back 66

the second most moveable type of structurally classified joints

Front 67

synchondroses

Back 67

type of cartilagenous joint that forms at the epiphyseal plate, or where the sternum has a joint with the first rib. there is a little piece of cartilage there

Front 68

symphyses

Back 68

type of cartilagenous joint where bone is covered with hyaline cartilage, and between we have a piece of fibrocartilage. has a lot of flexibilty and stability. found at the pubic symphyses and between the vertebrates

Front 69

synovial

Back 69

most freely moveable of the structurally classified joints.

Front 70

articular cartilage

synovial cavity - includes fibrous capsule surrounding the outside of the bone, outside joint, and outside next bone. and the synovial membrane which is the memb on the inside of the synovial cavity, one layer of epithelium cells. and synovial fluid

ligaments

can have fat pads (extra piece of fibrocartilage)

bursae (little fluid filled sack)

tendon sheaths

Back 70

what do synovial joints have that other joints dont?

Front 71

bursae

Back 71

little fluid filled sack only found in synovial joints

Front 72

tendon sheaths

Back 72

what is found inside bursae

Front 73

syn arthrosis, amphi arthrosis, and diarthrosis

Back 73

what are the three ways to classify joints functionally?

Front 74

syn arthrosis

Back 74

of the functionally classified joints, which one is essentially immobile and usually found in the axial skeleton

Front 75

amphi arthrosis

Back 75

of the functionally classified joints, which one offers a little bit of motion and is usually found in the axial skeleton

Front 76

diarthrosis

Back 76

of the functionally classified joints, which one is freely moveable and usually found on the apendicular skeleton

Front 77

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint,

Back 77

what are the 6 different types of synovial joints?

Front 78

plane joint

Back 78

type of synovial joint with flat surfaces, found between the 8 carpal bones in the wrist, and offers a little bit of short side to side motion

Front 79

hinge joint

Back 79

type of synovial joint that moves like a piano bench. one bone has cylindrical projection that goes into a trough on another bone. ex: trochlea and the ulna.

Front 80

pivot joint

Back 80

type of synovial joint that has some form of a sleeve that holds a bone and the inside bone pivots. axis has a projection and the atlas sits on top and pivots

Front 81

condyloid joint

Back 81

type of synovial joint that is found in the knuckles, one bone has an oval projection which sits in a round depression on the next bone

Front 82

saddle joint

Back 82

type of synovial joint that is found in the carpal/ metacarpal joint of the thumb. looks like a saddle with the other bone with two legs that go down both sides

Front 83

ball and socket

Back 83

type of synovial join that makes up the shoulder and hips

Front 84

a. the superior articulating facet of the atlas forms joint with the occipital condyle
b. synovial joint
c. condylar joint
d. diarthrosis

Back 84

atlanto-occipital joint:
a. which bones?
b. structural type?
c. structural subtype?
d. functional type?

Front 85

a. Temporal bone, mandibular fossa, mandibular condyle
b. Synovial joint
c. Hinge joint
d. Diarthrosis

Back 85

TMJ
• a. which bones?
• b. structural type?
• c. structural subtype?
• d. functional type?

Front 86

a. Any two adjacent vertebral bodies, c1 and c2, c7 and t1
b. Cartilaginous joint
c. Symphyses
d. Amphiarthrosis

Back 86

Intervertebral joints
• a. which bones?
• b. structural type?
• c. structural subtype?
• d. functional type?

Front 87

a. Head of humerus with glenoid fossa of the scapula. Head of femur with the acetabulum of the os coaxa
b. Synovial joint
c. Ball and socket
d. Diarthrosis

Back 87

shoulder or hip
• a. which bones?
• b. structural type?
• c. structural subtype?
• d. functional type?

Front 88

a. First rib has joint with the manubrium
b. Cartilaginous
c. Synchondroses
d. Synarthrosis

a. Ribs 2-7 and sternum body
b. Synovial joints
c. Plane
d. diarthrosis

Back 88

sternocostal joint (rib 1) and (ribs 2-7)
• a. which bones?
• b. structural type?
• c. structural subtype?
• d. functional type?

Front 89

trabeculae

Back 89

the tiny lattice-shaped spicules that form the tissue and provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening

Front 90

vitamin d

Back 90

this is necessary because it stimulates the absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. it is necessary for the calcification of bone.

Front 91

severe vitamin d deficiency. causes softening of bones, bones bend

Back 91

what are rickets

Front 92

produced by the posterior pituitary gland, it stimulates the formation of another hormone that stimulates the growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate

Back 92

how does growth hormone affect bone growth?

Front 93

thyroid hormone

Back 93

hormone that promotes metabolic activity of bone cells

Front 94

calcitonin

Back 94

this hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when there is a high level of calcium in the blood. it encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclast activity

Front 95

parathyroid horone (PTH)

Back 95

this hormone is secreted by the parathyroid when there is not enough calcium in the blood. it allows other body tissues to use the calcium and it stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood