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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CN Olfactory |
CN 1 Olfaction (smell) |
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CN Optic |
CN 2 Vision |
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CN Oculomotor |
CN 3 serves the muscles of the eye |
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CN Trochlear |
CN 4 serves the superior oblique eye muscle |
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CN Trigeminal |
CN 5 Sensory from face and mouth, motor to muscles of mastication |
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CN Abducens |
CN 6 serves the lateral rectus eye muscle |
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CN Facial |
CN 7 serves the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands |
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CN Vestibuchoclear |
CN 8 equilibrium and hearing |
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CN Glossopharyngeal |
CN 9 serves the pharynx for swalling, poeterior third of tongue, parotid salivary gland |
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CN Vagus |
CN 10 sensations from visceral (internal) organs, and parasympathetic motor regulation of visceral organs |
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CN Accessory |
CN 11 Serves muscles that move head, neck, and shoulders |
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CN Hypoglossal |
CN 12 serves muscles of the tongue |
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How many thoracic nerves are there? |
12 thoracic |
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What is the PNS designed for? |
rapid communication between CNS and body |
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What does the PNS consist of? |
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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What are motor neurons stimulated by? |
association neurons or directly by sensory neurons |
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Where are upper motor neurons located? |
In the cerebral cortex |
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What does the upper motor neuron provide input to? |
To spinal cord motor neurons (corticospinal path) |
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Whats another name for lower motor neurons and where are they located? |
Somatic motor neurons, located on end of skeletal muscle |
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What are the functions of spinal reflexes? |
Simple, Response to a stimulus, Automatic not learned, unconscious response, Reflex arc, Nerve pathway that medicates a reflex, Info sent to spinal and back out, does not requre input from the brain |
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Can you be unconscious and still show a reflex? |
Yes, b/c the brain does not require input |
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(Knee-jerk reflex mechanism) What does the reflex hammer cause your muscle to do? |
Causes muscle stretch, which stimulates muscle spindle stretch receptor in muscle |
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(Knee-jerl reflex mechanism) What is the pathway after stretch receptors in muscle are stimulated? |
Action potentials in sensory neuron to spinal cord -> axon branches -> synapses w/ motor neurons in CNS -> LMN in skeletal muscle |
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Is the Knee-jerk reflex a Neg. Feedback loop, if yes then name the components. |
Knee jerk reflex -> muscle spindles stretch -> action potentials in sensory neuron sent to spinal cord -> axon branches to brain -> brain sends LMN to contract muscle |
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How many synapses are crossed in a monosynaptic reflex? |
only 1 synapse is crossed |
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What does the dorsal root carry? |
carries afferent (sensory) axons into the spinal cord |
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What does the dorsal root ganglion contain? |
contains afferent cell bodies (unipolar neurons) |
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Does the ventral root have a ventral root ganglion? |
NO! |
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Where do spinal nerves join? |
spinal cord through spinal nerve roots |
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How many cervical nerves? |
8 cervical |
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How many sacral nerves? |
5 sacral |
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How many coccygeal nerves? |
1 coccygeal |
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How many lumbar nerves? |
5 lumbar nerves |
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Where is the nerve cell body in the ventral root, and what type is it? |
nerve cell body in spinal cord, multipolar |
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What does the ventral root carry? |
efferent (motor) axons out of the spinal cord |
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What type of neurons do sensory neurons synapse on? |
Motor and association neurons |
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What part of the neuron is carried in the PNS, and which types? |
axons of sensory and motor neurons |
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(Inhibitory stretch reflex) What type of organ does muscle tension stretch? |
the Golgi tendon organ |
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(Inhibitory stretch reflex) What type of neuron stimulates an inhibitory interneuron? |
sensory neuron |
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(Inhibitory stretch reflex) is the LMN inhibited? |
yes (negative feedback loop) |
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(Reciprocal Innervation) Activation of what type of motor neurons responds in antagonistic muscles (muscles with opposing actions)? |
Activation of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons |
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What prevents muscles from contracting simultaneously? |
activation of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons responds in antagonistic muscles |
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(Withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex) When stepping on a tack what reflexes? |
Activate flexors and inhibit extensors on ipsilateral (same) side (withdrawal reflex) -->
Activate extensors and inhibit flexors on contralateral (opposite) side (crossed extensor reflex) |
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(central pattern generators) Animals exhibit reflex walking with only what? |
Brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord |
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(central pattern generators) Do humans have central pattern generators for walking? If so, could patients with upper spinal cord injuries still walk? |
google it |
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(somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscle) What do somatic motor neuron synapse with and where at? |
skeletal muscle fibers at neuromuscular junction (NMJ) |
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(somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscle) What chemical does Action potential release? |
ACh. Nicotinic ACh receptors (opens ligand gated Na+ ion channel) -> EPSPs generated in muscle -> Contraction results (coming later in muscle system) |
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(somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscle) How many neuromuscular junctions do each muscle fiber contain? |
Each muscle fiber has one Neuromuscular junction |
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(motor unit) Somatic motor neurons divide into numerous (collateral) axon branches, provide 3 processes that undergo during division of axon branches |
1. Each somatic motor neuron synapses with many muscle fibers 2. When a somatic motor neuron fires an action potential, it releases ACh onto all of the muscle fibers it innervates 3. Muscle fibers contract as a single unit (1 nerve AP always triggers a muscle AP) |
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(motor unit) What do motor units consist of? |
It consists of a single somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates |
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(motor unit) How do motor units vary in size? |
1. They are variable in size (few muscle fibers to >1000) 2. Small motor units - fine control (extrinsic eye muscles) 3. Large motor units - powerful (quadriceps muscle) |
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(autonomic nervous system) Where do autonomic motor neurons innervate? |
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
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(autonomic nervous system) What kind of reflex do autonomic motor neurons have and where does the input come from? |
Involuntary reflex and input from the hypothalamus |
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(autonomic nervous system) The sympathetic division has the fight or flight response, what happens when it is activated? |
1. Increase in HR, BP, respiration, sweating 2. Decrease in digestive activity |
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(autonomic nervous system) The parasympathetic division has the rest and digest response, what happens when it is activated? |
1. Decrease in HR, BP, and respiration 2. Increase in digestive activity |
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(autonomic efferent pathways) How many neurons are involved in the efferent pathway and what nervous system connects to the effector? |
Two neurons are involved in the efferent pathway and the CNS connects to the effector |
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Where is the cell body of the 1st neuron involved in the efferent pathway located and what does it synapse with? |
-Cell body is located in the CNS -Synapses with 2nd neuron (involved in efferent pathway) in the autonomic ganglion (PNS) (ACh) - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are activated |
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Where does the 2nd neuron (involved in efferent pathway) send its signals? |
2nd (postganglionic) sends signal from ganglion to the effector organ |
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Compare Autonomic Efferent pathway with Somatic efferent pathway |
Somatic efferent pathways have only a single motor neuron extending from the CNS to the NMJ on skeletal muscle fibers
Autonomic Efferent pathways have two neurons, the 1st neuron from the CNS, synapses with 2nd neuron in the autonomic ganglion and then finally sends a signal from ganglion to the effector organ |
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(sympathetic division) what kind of neurons and where are they located in the spinal cord? |
Preganglionic neurons in Spinal cord T1-L2 levels |
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(sympathetic division) Where do preganglionic axons enter? |
They enter the sympathetic chain ganglia just lateral to spinal cord |
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(sympathetic division) What kind of neurons send axons to effector organs? |
Postganglionic neurons |
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(sympathetic division) What does the Sympathetic Division use for neurotransmitter? |
Norepinephrine (NE) (similar to adrenaline from adrenal medulla) |
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(parasympathetic division) What kind of neurons and where are they located in the parasympathetic division? |
Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral cord |
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(parasympathetic division) What kind of axons synapse with what type of motor neurons and where in the parasympathetic division? And what kind of synapse? |
Preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic motor neurons at the terminal ganglia, Adrenergic synapse |
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(parasympathetic division) what kind of chemical does the parasympathetic division release on effector organs? And what kind of synapse? |
Ach (acetylcholine) on effector organs, Cholinergic synapse |
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(dual innervation) What dilates and contricts the Iris/pupil? |
Sympathetic dilates, parasympathetic constricts |
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(dual innervation) What increases and decreases HR? |
Sympathetic increases HR, parasympathetic decreases HR |
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(dual innervation) What slows and activates the process of digestion? |
Sympathetic slows, parasympathetic activates |
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(dual innervation) What opens bronchioles and what constricts it in the respiration system? |
Sympathetic opens bronchioles, parasympathetic contricts |
