Ch. 6 Bio

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Chloro-

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Green

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Cyto-

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Cell

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-ell

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Small

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endo-

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inner

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eu-

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true

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extra-

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outside

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lyso-

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loosen

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micro-

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small

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nucle-

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nucleus

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-oid

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like

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phago-

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to eat

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pro-

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before

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karyo-

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nucleus

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psuedo-

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false

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-pod

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foot

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thylaco-

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sac or pouch

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trans-

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across

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Actin

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A globularprotein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other,forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

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Central Vacuole

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A membranous sacin a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, anddevelopment.

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Chloroplast

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An organelle found only in plants and photosyntheticprotists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organiccompounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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Contractile Vacuole

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A membranous sacthat helps move excess water out of the cell.

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Crista

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(plural, cristae)An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electrontransport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

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Cytoplasm

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The entirecontents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasmamembrane.

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Cytoplasmnic Streaming

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A circular flowof cytosol, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distributionof materials within cells.

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Cytoskeleton

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A network of microtubules, microfilaments, andintermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a varietyof mechanical and transport functions.

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Cytosol

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The semifluidportion of the cytoplasm.

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Endomembrane System

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The collection ofmembranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through directphysical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

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Eukaryotic Cell

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A type of cellwith a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present inprotists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.

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Food Vacuole

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Amembranous sac formed by phagocytosis.

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Golgi Apparatus

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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks offlat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmicreticulum.

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Granum

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(plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membranein the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

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Intermediate filament

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A component of the cytoskeleton made of subunits of keratin thatincludes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules andmicrofilaments.

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Lysosome

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Amembrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm ofeukaryotic cells.

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Microfilament

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A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost alleukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or withmyosin to cause cell contraction.

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Microtubule

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Ahollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and incilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.

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Mtochondrial Matrix

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Thecompartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containingenzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle.

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Mitochondrion

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(plural,mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site ofcellular respiration.

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Nuclear Envelope

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The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus,separating it from the cytoplasm.

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Nuclear Lamina

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A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

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Nucleoid

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Adense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

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Nucleolus

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(plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus,formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes andrRNA.

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Nucleus

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Thechromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.

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Organelle

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One of several formed bodies with specialized functions,suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

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phagocytosis

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A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances,accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.

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plasma membrane

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Themembrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier,thereby regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

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prokaryotic cell

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Atype of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosedorganelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

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pseudopodium

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(plural,pseudopodia) A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

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Ribosome

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Acell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site ofprotein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules,which make up two subunits.

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RoughER

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Thatportion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

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Smooth ER

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Thatportion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

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Stroma

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Thefluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in thesynthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

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Thylakoid

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A flattenedmembrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemicalenergy.

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Transport Vesicle

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Atiny membranous sac in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by thecell

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Vacuole

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Amembrane bound vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds ofcells

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Vesicle

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Asac made of membrane inside of cells.

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2 Major types of cells:

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1) Prokaryotic

2) Eukaryotic

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Prokaryotic:

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Bacteria, Archaea Domains

- Smaller, simpler than eukaryotic

- Lack membrane bound organelles including nucleus(have DNA in concentrated nucleoid region instead)

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Eukaryotic:

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Eukarya Domain

- Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist Kingdoms

- Larger and more complex than prokaryotic - Have many specialized membrane bound organellesincluding membrane bound nucleus

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All cell types have:

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- Plasma membrane

- DNA

- Ribosomes

- Cytosol

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Structures unique to animal cell vs. plant:

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- Lysosomes

- Centrosomes with centrioles

- Flagella (except some plant sperm)

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Structures unique to plant cells vs. animal

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- Cell wall

- Central vacuole

- Chloroplasts

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Plasma Membrane: Function & Structure

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Function: Selective barrier that controls what can enter and leave cell, containscytoplasm, defines cell as separate from environment

Structure: Double layer of phospholipids w/ proteins embedded in them; carbohydrateside chains on outside

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Nucleus: Function & Structure

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Function: Contains genes (DNA)

Structure: Enclosed by double layer nuclear membrane

Membrane has pores: protein structure called pore complex linespore,controls what can enter or leave nucleus

Nuclear lamina: lines inside of nuclear membrane, has protein filaments intermediatefilaments), maintains shape of nucleus

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Nucleolus: Function & Structure

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Function: area w/in nucleus where ribosomal components synthesized

Structure: dense area w/in nucleus near chromatin

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Ribosomes: Function & Structure

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Function: Site of protein synthesis

Structure: Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & protein; 2 subunits

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What are the types of Ribosomes? Describe them.

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A. Free ribosomes: in cytosol, proteins they make are used incytoplasm

B. Bound ribosomes: attached to endoplasmic reticulum; makes proteins exported out of cell or used w/inother cell organelles

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Endomembrane System

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- Various membrane structures that are responsiblefor protein and lipid synthesis and detoxification of poisons; May be directlyconnected or use vesicles to move cellular products between members

- Members: nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles/vesicles,plasma membrane

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Overall structure: Network of membranes arranged in sacs (cisternae); Has internal compartments (ERlumen) that is separate from cytosol

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) has 2 distinct regions:

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1. Smooth ER

2. Rough ER

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Smooth ER: Function & Stucture

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Function: Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification ofdrugs; makes sex hormones

Structure: No ribosomes give “smooth” appearance

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Rough ER: Function & Structure

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Function: Secretion of specialized proteins Rough ER packages proteins intotransitional ER then into bubbles called transport vesicles which move to Golgi

Structure: Contains ribosomes giving “rough” appearance

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Golgi Apparatus: Function & Structure

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Function: Accepts transport vesicles containing cellular products from ER;Clearing house---modifies, sorts, ships proteins ready to be secreted or foruse somewhere else in cell; places ID tags on outside of vesicles leaving Golgito arrive at correct location

Structure: flat membranous sacs (cisternae)

- 2 opposite sides: Cis face (receiving); Trans face (shipping)

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Lysosome: Function & Structure

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Function: Contains enzymes which digest macromolecules

-Enzymes work in pH of about 5 so it’s separatedfrom rest of cell

-Autophagy: recycling of cell’s own organic materials

-Phagocytosis: digestion of large food particles; food vacuoles merge w/ lysosomes fordigestion

Structure: Membrane bound sacs of digestive enzymes

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Vacuoles (larger) Vesicle: Stucture

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Structure: large membrane bound sacs

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There are 3 types of Vacuoles, Vesicles

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1) Food Vacuoles

2) Contractile

3) Central

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Food Vacuoles: Function

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formedby phagocytosis; allow digestion of large food particles

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Contractile Vacuoles: Function

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Freshwaterprotists use to pump out excess internal water

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Central Vacuoles: Function

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in plant cells; Storage, disposalof wastes; pigments; poisons; growth; holds water and inorganic ions

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Mitochondria: Function

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siteof cell respiration (process of extracting energy from food)

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Mtiochondria: Structure

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- enclosed by 2 membranes

-Outer membrane smooth; inner convoluted(Cristae: increases surface area)

-Intermembrane space: b/t inner and outermembranes

-Mitochondrial matrix: w/in inner membrane---Mitochondria have own DNA, ribosomes; canreproduce itself

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Chloroplasts: Function

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siteof photosynthesis (conversion of sun energy into chemical energy/glucose) inplants and algae

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Chloroplasts: Structure

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Has 2 membranes

-- Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment inthylakoids (sacs of membranes)

--Grana: stacks of thylakoids

--Stroma: fluid outside thylakoids

--Contains own DNA and ribosomes

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Cytoskeleton: Function

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Overall: network of fibers in cytoplasm;organizes and anchors organelles, gives structural support

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There are 3 types of Cytoskeletons:

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1) Microtubules

2) Microfilaments

3) Intermediate Filaments

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Microtubules: Function

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Compression resistant for maintaining shape ofcell

-- Provides organelle “tracks”

-- Moves chromosomes during cell division

-- Cell motility: Cilia and Flagella: locomotiveappendages

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Mirotubules: Structure

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thickest of 3 types; hollow, made of tubulin

-- Can be disassembled and re-built from pieces

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Microfilaments: Function

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Function: Bears tension (pulling forces), supports cellshape

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Microfilaments: Muscle Contraction

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· microfilaments of actin interact w/ anotherprotein (myosin)

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Microfilaments: Cleavage furrow

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· tightening band of microfilaments divides cell

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Microfilaments: Gel-Sol state

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-- Cytoplasm on periphery of cell thicker (gel);inner area is more fluid (sol)

-- Pseudopodia: cellular extensions of amoebas caused by localized breakdown ofmicrofilaments from gel to sol state

-- Cytoplasmic streaming: flow of cytoplasm: sol to gel state; distributes substances w/incell

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Microfilaments: Structure

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Solid, made of actin, twisted, double chain

--- Can be assembled and re-built from pieces

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Intermediate Filaments: Function

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Function: Provide shape and support of cell --- Organelle location (nucleus anchor)

--- Makes up nuclear lamina (inside lining ofnucleus)

--- Forms desmosomes, rivets that hold cellstogether

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Intermediate Filaments: Structure

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Larger than microfilaments, smaller thanmicrotubules

---Made of keratin

---Permanent

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Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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Prokaryoticcells: Simpler; lack membrane bound organelles; still have DNA,ribosomes,plasma membrane and cytoplasm; bacteria, archae and cyanobacteriahave prokaryticcells

Eukaryoticcell: More complex than prokaryotic; single or mulitcellular organismscanpossess eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, protists); have many membraneboundspecialized organelles for various cell functions

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Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells

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Many ofthe cell processes need particular environmental conditions to operateproperlyso keeping these processes separate from the rest of the cell is necessary.Forexample, lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that work at a lower pH than therest ofthe cell and need to be separate from the cytoplasm. This also allows onlydesiredmaterials to be digested and not the whole cytoplasmic region. Organellessuch asthe mitochondria have complicated double membrane structures that allowthebuildup of molecules such as H+ incertain areas to use for the chemiosmoticmechanismof making ATP molecules.

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Discuss the endomembrane systems and list its members

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Theendomembrane system is a collection of organelles that possess membranesthat mayor may not be in continuous contact. Their similar membrane structuresallowsthem to move cellular material from one area to another as processingoccurs.Members of the system include: nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,Golgiapparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.