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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify the massed practice schedule
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Practice schedule in which the amount of time allocated to rest between sessions or practice attempts is comparatively less than the time a learner is engaged in practice. Better for novices
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Identify the serial practice schedule
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The repetition of a set sequence of practice trials
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Identify the random practice schedule
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Practice schedule in which the learner performs multiple task variations in a random order
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What are the guidelines for implementing practice variability?
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WHY: Variability in movement and context is a necessary ingredient for skill development; A learner should be able to generalize a skill to a variety of situations.WHAT: 1) Assess the nature of the skill being learned and the environment in which it will be performed 2) Then introduce variations in regulatory/non-regulatory conditions, or both
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When to Implement – CONSTANT PRACTICE
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during the initial stages of learning or when developing and understanding of the task
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When to Implement – VARIABLE PRACTICE
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after the learner has acquired basic movement patterns
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What are the types of transfer?
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3 types exist: Positive, Negative and Zero
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What is positive Transfer
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Occurs when a learner’s past experience with one skill facilitates learning a new skill or using a skill in different context. (think basket/football zone defense)
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What is Negative Transfer
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Occurs when a learner’s past experience with one skill hinders or obstructs learning a new skill or performing a skill under novel conditions. (think swinging a bat – but different pitch tracking in soft/baseball)
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What is Zero Transfer
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Occurs when two skill are completely unrelated because experience with the first skill has no influence on the second.
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What would be the considerations in teaching for transfer?
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1) Analyze the skill 2)Determine the cost–benefit tradeoff 3)Time vs impact 4)Get to know the learner 5)What are his/her past experiences 6)Point out similarities and differences 7)Make sure skills you hope to “transfer from” have been well learned 8)Use analogies - “Shake hands” with the racket 9)Maximize similarities between practice and performance 10)Consider the skill level of the learner
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What is contextual interference?
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Inference that results from switching from one skill to another or changing the context in which a task is practiced from trial to trial.
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Who would benefit most/least from transfer?
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Beginners benefit most from transfer; Transfer most beneficial with the initial stage of learning
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What are the benefits of transfer? AS RELATED TO CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE
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Blocked practice: Superior short-term performance during practice; Random practice: Greater long-term learning gains; Possible explanations for this effect: Elaboration hypothesis, Retains all skills being practiced in working memory and compares and contrasts them. This creates memory representations that can be accessed more readily; Action plan reconstruction hypothesis - New action plan is constructed each time the skill is changed, This strengthens the motor plan and its retrieval from memory
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Why does transfer occur?
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Cumulative past experiences influence one’s ability to learn new skills—both positively and negatively
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What is bilateral transfer?
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Practice with one limb enhances the rate of skill acquisition with the opposite limb on the same task
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What are the considerations for breaking a skill into parts (or not) to teach it?
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1)nature of the skill – complexity & organization of task 2) Capability of the learner – skill level, attention, success rate, motivation 3)Part practice techniques – segmentation, simplification, fractionalization 4) Attention cueing – attention to critical components while performing the whole skill
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What is segmentation?
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Part practice technique in which the skill is separated into parts according to spatial or Temporal elements
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How many types of segmentation are there?
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5 – 1)Part-whole 2)Progessive-part 3)Repetitive-part 4)Forward Chaining 5)Backward Chaining
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Segmentation – PART-WHOLE characteristics:
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Practice All parts, then puts them together
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Segmentation – PROGRESSIVE-PART characteristics:
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Practice 2 parts separately then combine, add new part, then combine, etc.
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Segmentation – REPETITIVE - PART characteristics:
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Practice a part, then add a new part and practice both, add a new part practice all three, etc.
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Segmentation–FORWARD CHAINING characteristics
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Practice Each part in sequence
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Segmentation–BACKWARD CHAINING characteristics
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Practice Each part in sequence - Reverse order
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What is fractionalization?
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Part practice technique in which the parts of a skill are presented and practiced in a sequence that progresses from the initial skill component to the final one.
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What are the advantages of part practice?
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1)Simplifies the skill 2)Lets learners experience early success, leading to increased motivation 3)Lets learners practice on problem areas without wasting time on what’s already been mastered
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What is discovery learning?
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Teaching strategy in which the instructor creates a learning environment that engages the learner in attempts to solve a movement problem by exploring a variety of possible task solutions
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What factors affect a good demonstration? DECISIONS
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1)What should be demonstrated? 2)Who should demonstrate? 3)How should the demonstration be organized? 4)When should the demonstration occur? 5)How often should the demonstration occur?
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What factors affect a good demonstration? ORGANIZATION
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1)Get the attention of the learner(s) 2)Use an appropriate formation - Everyone can see/hear - Instructor faces the sun 3)Explain how the demonstration will proceed and what to watch for 4)Avoid product options/Removing the outcome 5)Demonstrate for both right- and left-limb dominance - Present from more than one angle 6)Do not talk during the demonstration - Talk, then demonstrate, then talk
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What are the guidelines for using verbal cues?
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1)must be concise 2)must be accurate 3)Number of cues should be limited 4)same cues should be used repeatedly 5) Match your feedback to your cue(s)
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What are verbal cues?
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A word or concise phrase that focuses the learner’s attention or prompts a movement sequence
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What are the types of goals?
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1)Outcome – success 2)Performance – improvement 3)Process - Movement patterns/technical elements. Using a combination of the above is probably best
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What are the considerations in introducing a new skill?
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1)Have a thorough understanding of the skill being taught 2)Give clear, effective instructions that don’t confuse the learner 3)Limit the information presented - Remember the capacity of the working memory 4)Eliminate ineffective speech patterns
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How would you measure learning?
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1)Pre-impact-Planning 2)Impact-During Lesson 3)Post-Impact-Evaluation Using these three levels of decisions - You move from reproduction to production as you cross the Discovery Threshold
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What is the best way to check for understanding?
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Ask learner to restate or demonstrate the skill’s elements or analyze a model’s performance
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What is the social cognitive theory of observation learning?
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(Also called the Cognitive Mediation Theory) – suggests that when a learner observes someone else modeling a movement, the learner processes the information conveyed by the model and transforms it into a cognitive memory representation of the activity – which not only serves to guide the learner’s subsequent movement attempts but also provides a frame of reference for error detection and correction.
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What is the difference in an external and internal focus?
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EXTERNAL puts the persons mind on accomplishing a task vs. INTERNAL that puts the focus on the body movements and not on accomplishing the task.
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What are the characteristics of an external focus?
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1)Learners focus attention on the effects of their actions on the environment 2)Seems to be more effective - Move your arm closer to the cup
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What are the characteristics of an internal focus?
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1)Learners focus conscious attention on their own body movements 2)May have a negative impact on acquiring/ refining new skills 3)Constrained action hypothesis
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How would internal focus affect learning?
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focus disrupts natural flow of the movement
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How would external focus affect learning?
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Seems to be more effective (Move your arm closer to the cup). Mixed results for beginning learners
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What is the speed accuracy trade off?
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The fact that an emphasis on speed in performance negatively affects accuracy and vice versa.- refer to Fitts’ Law that states MT is linearly related to the distance to be moved and the width of the target
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What does research say about the “matching hypothesis” with regard to learning styles?
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There is no strong scientific evidence to support the "matching" idea, they contend in a paper published this week in Psychological Science in the Public Interest. And there is absolutely no reason for professors to adopt it in the classroom. The study does not dispute the existence of learning styles. But it asserts that no one has ever proved that any particular style of instruction simultaneously helps students who have one learning style while also harming students who have a different learning style.
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How would accommodate different learning preferences/styles?
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Determined by assessing five preferences: 1)Instructional environment - Sound, light, etc. 2)Emotionality - Motivation, persistence 3)Sociological - Pair, peer, team, etc.4)Physiological - Perception, intake, time, mobility 5)Psychological - Analytic mode, L/R brain
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