Ch 50 Ap Bio

Front 1

mechanoreceptors

Back 1

A specialized sensory end organ that responds to mechanical stimuli such as tension, pressure, or displacement

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muscle spindle

Back 2

A stretch receptor in vertebrate muscle

Front 3

pain receptor

Back 3

Sensory receptor designed to signal damage or stress

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thermoreceptor

Back 4

A sensory receptor that responds to heat and cold

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chemoreceptor

Back 5

A sensory nerve cell or sense organ, as of smell or taste, that responds to chemical stimuli

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gustatory receptor

Back 6

Sensory nerve cells responsible for taste

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olfactory receptor

Back 7

Any of the specialized, nucleated cells of the mucous membrane of the nose that serve as the receptors for smell

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photoreceptor

Back 8

A nerve ending, cell, or group of cells specialized to sense or receive light

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compound eyes

Back 9

The eye of most insects and some crustaceans, which is composed of many light-sensitive elements, each having its own refractive system and each forming a portion of an image

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ommatidia

Back 10

One of the structural elements, resembling a single simplified eye, that make up the compound eye of insects and other arthropods

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rod cells

Back 11

Any of various rod-shaped cells in the retina that respond to dim light

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cone cells

Back 12

One of the photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that is responsible for daylight and color vision

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fovea

Back 13

area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute

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opsin

Back 14

A protein of the retina, especially the protein constituent of rhodopsin, that makes up one of the visual pigments

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bipolar cells

Back 15

A neuron having two processes

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ganglion cells

Back 16

A neuron having its cell body outside the central nervous system

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pitch

Back 17

The distinctive quality of a sound, dependent primarily on the frequency of the sound waves produced by its source

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utricle

Back 18

A membranous sac contained within the labyrinth of the inner ear and connected with the semicircular canals

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saccule

Back 19

The smaller of two membranous sacs in the vestibule of the inner ear

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semicircular canals

Back 20

Any of three tubular and looped structures of the inner ear, together functioning in maintenance of the sense of balance in the body

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neuromast

Back 21

lateral line sense organ

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statocysts

Back 22

A small organ of balance in many invertebrates, consisting of a fluid-filled sac containing statoliths that stimulate sensory cells and help indicate position when the animal moves

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locomotion

Back 23

The ability to move from place to place

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hydrostatic skeleton

Back 24

Skeleton composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed compartment

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exoskeleton

Back 25

A hard outer structure, such as the shell of an insect or crustacean, that provides protection or support for an organism

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phosphagens

Back 26

any of several organic phosphate compounds (as phosphocreatine or phosphoarginine) occurring especially in muscle and releasing energy on hydrolysis of the phosphate

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creatine phosphate

Back 27

an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid; found in the muscles of vertebrates where its hydrolysis releases energy for muscular contraction

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tropomyosin

Back 28

Any of a group of muscle proteins that bind to molecules of actin and troponin to regulate the interaction of actin and myosin

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Troponin

Back 29

A calcium-regulated protein in muscle tissue occurring in three subunits with tropomyosin

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 30

The form of endoplasmic reticulum found in striated muscle fibers

Front 31

T (transverse)tubules

Back 31

any of the small tubules which run transversely through a striated muscle fiber and through which electrical impulses are transmitted from the sarcoplasm to the fiber's interior

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tetanus

Back 32

A state of continuous muscular contraction, especially when induced artificially by rapidly repeated stimuli

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motor unit

Back 33

A single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it

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cardiac muscle

Back 34

The muscle of the heart, consisting of anastomosing transversely striated muscle fibers formed of cells united at intercalated disks; the myocardium

Front 35

intercalated discs

Back 35

An undulating double membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers

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smooth muscle

Back 36

Muscle tissue that contracts without conscious control, having the form of thin layers or sheets made up of spindle-shaped, unstriated cells with single nuclei and found in the walls of the internal organs

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sensation

Back 37

A perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ or with a specific body condition

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perception

Back 38

Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli based chiefly on memory

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exteroreceptors

Back 39

A sense organ, such as the ear, that receives and responds to stimuli originating from outside the body

Front 40

interoreceptors

Back 40

A specialized sensory nerve receptor that receives and responds to stimuli originating from within the body

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amplification

Back 41

The process of increasing the magnitude of a nerve impulse

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transmission

Back 42

The passage of a nerve impulse across synapses or at myoneural junctions

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integration

Back 43

Processing of nerve impulses by interneurons

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sensory adaptation

Back 44

Process of dulling a prolonged stimulus

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sclera

Back 45

The tough white fibrous outer envelope of tissue covering all of the eyeball except the cornea

Front 46

choroid

Back 46

The dark-brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and the retina

Front 47

cornea

Back 47

The transparent convex anterior portion of the outer fibrous coat of the eyeball that covers the iris and the pupil and is continuous with the sclera

Front 48

pupil

Back 48

The apparently black circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, through which light passes to the retina

Front 49

Retina

Back 49

A delicate, multilayered, light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain

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lens

Back 50

A transparent, biconvex body of the eye between the iris and the vitreous humor that focuses light rays entering through the pupil to form an image on the retina

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aqueous humor

Back 51

The clear, watery fluid circulating in the chamber of the eye between the cornea and the lens

Front 52

vitreous humor

Back 52

The clear gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens

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outer ear

Back 53

the outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through the temporal bone

Front 54

tympanic membrane

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Eardrum

Front 55

middle ear

Back 55

The space between the eardrum and the inner ear that contains the three auditory ossicles, which convey vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea

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Eustachian tube

Back 56

a passage from the tympanum of the ear to the pharynx

Front 57

inner ear

Back 57

The portion of the ear located within the temporal bone that is involved in both hearing and balance and includes the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

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cochlea

Back 58

A spiral-shaped cavity of the inner ear that resembles a snail shell and contains nerve endings essential for hearing

Front 59

endoskeleton

Back 59

An internal supporting skeleton, derived from the mesoderm, that is characteristic of vertebrates and certain invertebrates

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skeletal muscle

Back 60

A usually voluntary muscle made up of elongated, multinucleated, transversely striated muscle fibers, having principally bony attachments

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myofibrils

Back 61

Any of the threadlike fibrils that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber

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myofilaments

Back 62

Any of the ultramicroscopic filaments, made up of actin and myosin, that are the structural units of a myofibril

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thin filaments

Back 63

a myofilament of the one of the two types making up myofibrils that is about 5 nanometers (50 angstroms) in width and is composed chiefly of the protein actin

Front 64

thick filaments

Back 64

a myofilament of one of the two types making up myofibrils that is 10 to 12 nanometers (100 to 120 angstroms) in width and is composed of the protein myosin

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sarcomere

Back 65

One of the segments into which a fibril of striated muscle is divided

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Z lines

Back 66

A dark thin protein band to which actin filaments are attached in a striated muscle fiber, marking the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres

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I band

Back 67

A pale band of actin on each side of the Z line of a striated muscle fiber

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A band

Back 68

one of the cross striations in striated muscle that contain myosin filaments and appear dark under the light microscope and light in polarized light