Ch. 5. The Integumentary System

Front 1

The integumentary system consists of _____, _____, _____, and ______.

Back 1

hair, skin, glands, nails

Front 2

What are the protective functions of the integumentary system (3)?

Back 2

-protects against abrasion and UV light

-prevents entry of microorganisms

-prevents dehydration

Front 3

What are the sensation functions of the integumentary system (1)?

Back 3

contains sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain

Front 4

How does the the integumentary system regulate temperature?

Back 4

-blood flow through skin

-sweat gland activity

Front 5

What are the 5 main functions of the integumentary system?

Back 5

1. protection

2. sensation

3. temperature regulation

4. vitamin D production

5. excretion of small amounts of waste

Front 6

What are the three major regions of the skin?

Back 6

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue

Front 7

outermost (superficial) region of the skin

Back 7

epidermis

Front 8

What is the function of the epidermis (2)?

Back 8

-resists abrasion

-reduces water loss

Front 9

middle region of the skin (bulk of skin); strong, flexible connective tissue

Back 9

dermis

Front 10

What is the function of the dermis?

Back 10

responsible for most of the structural strength of the skin

Front 11

hypodermis; deepest region of the skin

Back 11

subcutaneous tissue

Front 12

What is the function of the sucutaneous tissue?

Back 12

connects skin to underlying muscle or bone

Front 13

most superficial strata of the epidermis; 25+ layers of dead squamous cells

Back 13

stratum corneum

Front 14

What are the functions of the stratum corneum(3)?

Back 14

-water proofing

-protection from abrasion and penetration

-rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults

Front 15

3-5 layers of dead cells; appears transparent; present in thick skin, absent in most thin skin

Back 15

stratum lucidum

Front 16

What are the functions of the stratum lucidum?

Back 16

dispersion of keratinohyalin around keratin fibers

Front 17

2-5 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells

Back 17

stratum granulosum

Front 18

What are the functions of the stratum granulosum?

Back 18

-production of keratohyalin granules

-lamellar bodies release lipids from cells; cells die

Front 19

a total of 8-10 layers of many-sided cells

Back 19

stratum spinosum

Front 20

What are the functions of the stratum spinosum?

Back 20

-production of keratin fibers

-formation of lamellar bodies

Front 21

deepest strata of the epidermis; single layer of cuboidal of columnar cells; basement membrane of the epidermis attaches to the dermis

Back 21

stratum basale

Front 22

What are the functions of the stratum basale?

Back 22

-production of cells of the most superficial strata

-site of melanocytes, which produce and contribute melanin

Front 23

What is the protective function of melanin?

Back 23

it protects against UV light

Front 24

layer of the dermis where papillae project toward the dermis; loose connective tissue (areolar) with collagen and elastic fibers

Back 24

papillary layer

Front 25

What are the functions of the papillary layer?

Back 25

-brings blood vessels close to the epidermis

-dermal papillae form fingerprints and footprints

Front 26

layer of the dermis made up of a mat of collagen and elastin fibers; dense irregular connective tissue that accounts for 80% of the thickness of the skin

Back 26

reticular layer

Front 27

What are the functions of the reticular layer?

Back 27

-strong in many directions

-forms cleavage lines

Front 28

not part of the skin; loose connective tissue with abundant fat deposits

Back 28

subcutaneous tissue

Front 29

What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue (3)?

Back 29

-attaches dermis to underlying structures

-fat tissue provides energy storage, padding, and insulation

-blood vessels and nerves from this region supply the dermis

Front 30

The epidermis is composed of _______ _______ _______ epithelium.

Back 30

keratinized stratified squamous

Front 31

What are the 4 cell types found in the epidermis?

Back 31

keratinocytes

melanocytes

Merkel cells

Langerhan's cells

Front 32

most abundant cell type; produces the fibrous protein keratin; gives skin its protective properties

Back 32

keratinocytes

Front 33

produce the brown pigment melanin; found in the deepest layers of the epidermis

Back 33

melanocytes

Front 34

epidermal macrophages; help activate the immune system

Back 34

Langerhans' cells

Front 35

touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

Back 35

Merkel cells

Front 36

The structural strength of the stratum basale is provided by _______ and _______.

Back 36

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

Front 37

The stratum _______ consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes.

Back 37

basale

Front 38

Melanin granules and Langerhans' cells are abundant in the stratum ______. Melanin is taken up by the _______ and accumulates on the "sunny side" to protect the nucleus from UV damage.

Back 38

spinosum, keratinocytes

Front 39

Keratinohyaline and lamellated bodies (waterproofing) accumulate in the stratum _____. Above this layer, epithelial cells _____ because they are _______.

Back 39

granulosum, die, too far from the dermis

Front 40

The stratum _______ is a thin transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum. It consists of a few rows of ____, ____ _______. It is present only in _____ skin.

Back 40

lucidum, flat, dead keratinocytes, thick

Front 41

The stratum _______ is the outhermost layer of keratinized cells. It is about 20-30 cells layers thicks, dead, and accounts for _____ of the epidermal thickness.

Back 41

corneum, 3/4ths

Front 42

In the stratum ______, the dead cells have a hard protein envelope, contain keratin, and are surrounded by lipids.

Back 42

corneum

Front 43

In the stratum ______, the cells are dead and contain dispersed keratohyalin.

Back 43

lucidum

Front 44

In the stratum ______, keratinohyalin granules accumulate and a hard protein envelope forms beneath the plasma membrane' lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die.

Back 44

granulosum

Front 45

In the stratum _______, keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate.

Back 45

spinosum

Front 46

In the stratum _____, cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata.

Back 46

basale

Front 47

What is the function of lamellar bodies?

Back 47

to release lipids and aid in skin shedding

Front 48

What are the two major differences between thick and thin skin?

Back 48

-the stratum lucidum is usually absent in thin skin

-hair is found only in thin skin

Front 49

_________ produce melanin inside ________ and transfer them to keratinocytes.

Back 49

melanocytes, melanosomes

Front 50

What determines skin color?

Back 50

the size and distribution of melanosomes

Front 51

Melanin production is determined by _______ but can be influenced by _______ and _______.

Back 51

genetics, UV light, hormones

Front 52

red skin color

Back 52

erythema

Front 53

What causes erythema?

Back 53

increase blood flow to the skin

Front 54

What causes cyanosis?

Back 54

decreased oxygen content in the blood

Front 55

What can cause the skin to appear yellowish/orangish?

Back 55

ingestion of a plant pigment called carotene

Front 56

Where are melanosomes produced?

Back 56

golgi apparatus of the melanocyte

Front 57

What are the steps in which melanosomes travel from the melanocyte to the epithelial cells?

Back 57

1. produced in golgi apparatus

2. move into melanocyte processes

3. epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the processes

4. melanosomes are transferred to the epithelial cells

Front 58

What cell types are found in the dermis?

Back 58

fibroblasts, a few adipose cells, and macrophages

Front 59

The superior surface contains peg-like projections called ___________.

Back 59

dermal papillae

Front 60

What are two important characteristics of dermal papillae?

Back 60

-genetically predetermined

-responsible for fingerprints/footprints

Front 61

The blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis are found in the _______.

Back 61

papillary layer

Front 62

What are the three functions of blood in the skin?

Back 62

-regulates body temperature

-supplies nutrients

-removes waste products

Front 63

The ________ fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis add strength and resiliency to the skin while the _______ fibers provide stretch-recoil properties.

Back 63

collagen, elastin

Front 64

caused when the skin is overstretched and the dermis ruptures and leaves visible lines

Back 64

striae (stretch marks)

Front 65

What is unique about the orientation of the elastin and collagen fibers in the dermis?

Back 65

they are oriented in one direction to produce cleavage, or tension, lines

Front 66

Subcutaneous tissue is composed of mostly ________ and _________.

Back 66

adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue

Front 67

__________ (fetal hair) that is replaced near the time of birth by ________ and ________ hairs.

Back 67

lanugo, terminal, vellus

Front 68

At puberty, ______ hairs can be replaced with terminal hairs.

Back 68

vellus

Front 69

columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells

Back 69

hair

Front 70

Each hair consists of a _____ above the skin, a ____ below the skin, and a _____ at the site of formation.

Back 70

shaft, root, hair bulb

Front 71

the smooth muscles that cause hair to "stand on end" and produce "goose bumps"

Back 71

arrector pili

Front 72

simple or compound alveolar glands found all over the body except on the palms and soles

Back 72

sebaceous glands

Front 73

What is the role of sebaceous glands?

Back 73

they secrete an oily secretion called sebum that softens the skin

Front 74

an active inflammation of the sebaceous glands

Back 74

acne

Front 75

different types of glands that prevent overheating of the body

Back 75

sweat glands

Front 76

Sweat glands secrete ______ and ______.

Back 76

cerumen, milk

Front 77

glands that produce sweat, which cools the body; most numerous in the palms and soles of feet

Back 77

merocrine sweat glands

Front 78

found in axillary and genital areas; ducts empty into hair follicles; produce an organic secretion that can be broken down by bacteria to cause body odor

Back 78

apocrine sweat glands

Front 79

modified merocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (ear wax)

Back 79

ceruminous glands

Front 80

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

Back 80

mammary glands

Front 81

stratum corneum containing hard keratin

Back 81

nail

Front 82

The nail ____ is covered by skin and the nail ___ is the visible part.

Back 82

root, body

Front 83

Nearly all of the nail is formed by the ______, but the nail bed contributes as well.

Back 83

nail matrix

Front 84

part of the nail matrix that is visible through the nail body

Back 84

lunula

Front 85

medical term for cuticle

Back 85

eponychium

Front 86

Skin contains receptors for _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Back 86

heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain

Front 87

What is the protective function of nails?

Back 87

protect the ends of digits

Front 88

What are the protective functions of hair?

Back 88

-protects against abrasion and UV light

-acts as a heat insulator

Front 89

What is the role of UV light and skin in the production of vitamin D?

Back 89

UV light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D

Front 90

What is the function of vitamin D in the body?

Back 90

increases calcium uptake in intestines

Front 91

least malignant and most common form of skin cancer; slow growing and does not often metastasize

Back 91

basal cell carcinoma

Front 92

What occurs with basal cell carcinoma?

Back 92

Stratum basal cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

Front 93

How is basal cell carcinoma cured?

Back 93

surgical excision in 99% of all cases is effective

Front 94

a cancer that arises from the keratinocytes of Stratum Spinosum; most often found on scalp, ears, and lower lip; grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

Back 94

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 95

How is squamous cell carcinoma treated?

Back 95

radiation therapy or surgical removal (effective)

Front 96

cancer of the melanocytes; most dangerous type; likely to metastasize and resistant to chemotherapy

Back 96

melanoma

Front 97

What are the ABCD rules of melanoma?

Back 97

A: asymmetry - the two sides do not match

B: border - is irregular and exhibits indentations

C: color - is black, brown, tan, red, and/or blue

D: diameter - larger than 6mm

Front 98

How is melanoma treated?

Back 98

wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

Front 99

What is the chance of survival for melanoma?

Back 99

poor is lesion is over 4mm thick

Front 100

a burn in which only the epidermis is damaged

Back 100

first-degree burn

Front 101

What are the symptoms of a first degree burn?

Back 101

localized pain, redness, swelling

Front 102

a burn in which the epidermis and upper regions of the dermis are damaged

Back 102

second-degree burn

Front 103

What are the symptoms of a second-degree burn?

Back 103

first-degree burn symptoms + blisters

Front 104

a burn in which the entire thickness of the skin is damaged

Back 104

third-degree burn

Front 105

What are the symptoms of a third-degree burn?

Back 105

burned area appears grey-white, cherry red, or black; no initial edema or pain

Front 106

What are the areas of the rules of nines for an adult?

Back 106

head: 9%

upper limb: 9%

trunk (front or back): 18%

genitals: 1%

lower limb: 18%

Front 107

What are the areas of the rules of nines for a child?

Back 107

head: 15%

upper limb: 9%

trunk (front or back): 16%

genitals: 1%

lower limb: 17%

Front 108

When are burns considered critical?

Back 108

-over 25% of the body has second-degree burns

-over 10% of the body has third-degree burns

-third-degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

Front 109

What happens to skin as we age?

Back 109

-epidermal replacement of skin slows and skin becomes thinner

-decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to wrinkles and cold intolerance

-skin becomes dry and itchy

-sweat and sebaceous glands are less active

-number of melanocytes decreases