• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/57

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

activation energy

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

active site

the part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches; typically, a pocket or groove in the enzymes side

active transport

the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input energy (often as ATP)

aquaporin

a transport protein in the plasma membrane of an animal, plant, or microorganism cell that facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis)

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, the main energy source for cells. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bongs are hydrolyzed

cellular respiration

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form the cell can use to perform work; involves glycosis, the citric acid cylce, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain)

chemical energy

energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy

coenzyme

an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. most vitamins function as these.

cofactor

a nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme

competitive inhibitor

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate. structure mimics an enzyme's substrate's structure

concentration gradient

a region along which the density of a chemical substances increases or decreases; cells often maintain these of ions across their membranes; when it exists, substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where there are less of these

diffusion

the random movement in particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is more concentrated to where it is less so

endergonic reaction

an energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants

endocytosis

cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane

energy

the capacity to cause change, especially to perform work

energy coupling

in cellular metabolism, the use of energy release from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

entropy

a measure of disorder, or randomness.

enzyme

a protein that acts a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

exergonic reaction

an energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products

exocytosis

the movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

facilitated diffusion

the passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient

feedback inhibition

a method of metabolic control in which a product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

first law of thermodynamics

the principle of conservation of energy; energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

fluid mosaic model

the currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, depicting the membrane as a mosaic of diverse molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules

heat

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

hypertonic

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause a cell to lose water

hypotonic

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

isotonic

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, cause no net movement of water into or out of the cell

kinetic energy

the energy associate with the motion of objects. moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter

metabolic pathway

a series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds

metabolism

the totality of an organism's chemical reactions

noncompetitive inhibitor

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. by binding elsewhere on the enzyme, it changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product

osmoregulation

the homeostatic maintenance of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

osmosis

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

passive transport

the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

phagocytosis

cellular "eating"; a type of endocytosis in which a cell ungulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles in its cytoplasm

phosphorylation

the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules this way.

potential energy

the energy that matter possesses because of its location or spatial arrangement. (water behind a dam)

receptor-mediated endocytosis

the movement of specific molecules into a cell by the infolding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

second law of thermodynamics

the principle stating the every energy confersion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy. ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.

substrate

a specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. each enzyme recognizes only the specific one or the one that it catalyzes

thermal energy

kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form

thermodynamics

the study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter

tonicity

the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water

aqua-

water

-pori

a small opening

co-

together

endo-

inner; within

exo-

outer

hyper-

exceeding

-tonus

tension

hypo-

lower

iso-

same

kinet-

movement

osmo-

pushing

phago-

eat

therm-

heat