Ch 5 Eukaryotic Cell And Microorganism

Front 1

Endosymbiotic theory

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-Eukaryotic cell resulted from one prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell

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Evidence

Back 2

Some eukaryotic organelles resemble prokaryotic cells
-Mitochondria & chloroplasts are rod-shaped, measured in UMS, have 70s Ribosomes, HAVE OWN DNA that similar to prokaryotic DNA

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Eukaryotic>Flagella

Back 3

-composed of protein TUBULIN
-10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella
-function in motility

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Eukaryotic>Cilia

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similar overall structure flagella, But shorter and more numerous
-found only on a single group of ProTozoa* and certain animal cells
-function in motility, feeding, filtering.

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Eukaryotic>Glycocalyx

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Outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
-composed of Polysaccharides
-network of fibers, either Slime layer or Capsule

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Cell wall

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-Rigid, provides structural support and shape

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Eukaryotic> Fungi

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-have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin

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Eukaryotic> Algae

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varies in chemical composition
-may be cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

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Eukaryotic> Animal

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-no cell wall

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Nucleus

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Control center of Eukaryotic cell
-Envelope composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space; perforated with pores.

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Nucleolus

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-Dark area for rRNA Synthesis and ribosome assembly.

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Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum

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-Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

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-originates from outer membrane of nuclear envelope
-extends in continuous network through cytoplasm
-proteins synthesized on Ribosomes
-Shunted into ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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-closed tubular network WITHout Ribosomes
-Functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of LIPIDS

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Golgi apparatus

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-Modifies, stores, and PACKage proteins
-Secretes VESICLES
-Consists of stack of flattened sacs called Cisternae

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Mitochondria

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-function in energy production
-outer membrane and inner membrane with folds called CRISTAE
-cristae hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-divide independently of cell
-contain DNA and 70s prokaryotic ribosomes

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Chloroplast

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-Convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
-found in Algae and plant cell
-

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Ribosomes

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80s, composed of rRNA and Proteins
-Scattered in cytoplasm, function in protein synthesis

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Fungi

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-Eukaryotic cells, single or multicellular, heterotrophic(look for own food)
-Mycology(study of fungi)
-facultative parasites
-Nutrition- send out exoenzymes to break down material, absorb digested material
cell wall - Chitin
membrane - ergosterol

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Facultative parasites

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-An organism that lives independent of a host but may occasionally be parasitic under certain conditions.

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Dimorphism *

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-ability to alter structure when changing environment

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Fungi> Structure

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Mycelium- mass of hyphae
Hyphae- Fungal filaments
Septate- separated by walls
Coenocytic- no walls

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Sexual reproduction`

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-spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of a sexual structure
-zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores

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Sexual spores

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-spore forming structures are used for identification AND are the usual basis for CLASSIFICATION

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Asexual reproduction

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-spores are formed through budding or mitosis
-two subtypes of asexual spores: conidia, sporangiospores

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Asexual spores

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-used for identification

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Phylum Zygomycota*

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- zygospores; mostly spoangiospores and some conidia

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Phylum Ascomycota*

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-ascospores; conidia

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Phylum Basidiomycota*

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-flagellated spores

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Imperfect or Deuteromycota*

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-Fungi that produce only Asexual spores

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Adverse impact

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-mycoses
-allergies
-toxin production
-destruction of crops and food storage

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Mycoses

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- fungal infection

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Allergies

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- fungal cell wall substance trigger reactions

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Toxin poduction

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- aflatoxin, ergot toxin; neuological effect

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Beneficial impact

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-decomposer of dead plant and animal
-form association with plant root
-aid in digestion in guts of herbivores
-source of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
-use in making food,
-used in genetic studies

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Protists

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-Eukaryotic cells, unicellular, mostly microscopic; some macroscopic, mostly aquatic.

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Algae

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-microscopic are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
-macroscopic are colonial and multicellular
-Mos are FREE Living in fresh and marine water- PLAnkton

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Gelidium

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-marine red algae used to make agar

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Alexandrium

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-dinoflagellate
-produces saxitoxin
-causes PSP-paralytic shellfish poisoning

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Gambierdiscus

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-dinoflagellate
-produces CIGUA Toxin in fish like grouper and red snapper
-cuases disease Ciguatera
-toxin NOT Inactivated by cooking.

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Yeast

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-Soft, uniform texture and appearance

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Budding

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-Reproduce through asexual process

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Mycelium

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- mass of hyphae

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Coenocytic

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- no walls

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Septate

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- separated by walls

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Phylum Chyridomycota

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-flagellated spores