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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism?
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the sum of chemical reactions within an organism.
"energy balancing act" |
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Where in our bodies does metabolism occur?
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happens inside our cells
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What is catabolism?
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the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.
Covalent bonds are broken and electrons (ENERGY) is RELEASED. |
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What does anabolism mean?
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small, simple components are covalently attached; REQUIRES ENERGY.
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What is oxidation?
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to release electrons, breaking bonds.
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What is reduction?
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Aquisition of electrons
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You can't have oxidation without...
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reduction
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What is a proton?
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+ charge
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If there are more electrons, then it's more ... which means more...
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reduced
energy |
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What is going to be altered with contact with an enzyme?
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a substrate
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What is an active site?
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it's where action happens on an enzyme.
Tailored to meet a particular surface on a substrate. Needs physical contact |
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What do pepsin and tripsin do?
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breakdown peptide bonds
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The breaking of a covalent bond that simultaneously releases energy is called
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oxidation
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What does activation energy do?
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used to rip apart molecules, using an enzyme
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What are the two steps needed to REDUCE activation energy?
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1) enzyme brings the 2 reactants together, and in the correct orientation.
2) Putting torsional stress on a bond also reduces activation energy. |
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Are co-factors and minerals inorganic or organic?
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Inorganic
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Are co-enzymes (NAD/NADH+H, FAD/FADH2, CoA) and Vitamins inorganic or organic?
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Organic
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What type of reaction typically releases energy?
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Catabolic reactions
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What type of reactions typically require energy?
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Anabolic reactions
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Why does a cell need energy?
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Must use enery to maintain life (p.115)
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What molecule provides energy?
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The energy for chemical reactions is stored in ATP
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To estimate how reduced or, energy-rich a potential energy source is you would...
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calculate the C:H or X:H ratio.
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What are the 3 different mechanisms that produce ATP?
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1) Substrate-level phosphorylation (low-efficiency)
2) Oxidative phosphorylation ( high-efficiency) 3) Photo-phosphorylation (high-efficiency) |
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Name some MACROnutrients
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Carbs
Proteins Lipids Water |
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Name a MICROnutrient
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Vitamins
Minerals (critical to make coenzymes, needed for enzyme activity) |
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Ions of iron, zinc, magnesium or calcium are examples of
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cofactors
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If organic and derived from an enzyme it is a
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coenzyme
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An apoenzyme (inactive by itself, protein part) together with a cofactor (Non-protein part inorganic & is a mineral) OR together with a coenzyme (organic and dervived from an enzyme) form a
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holoenzyme (or whole active enzyme) comibination of apoenzyme and cofactor or coenzyme
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The surface of the substrate that contacts a specific region of the enzyme molecule is called the
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active site (p.119)
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What is torsinal stress?
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bond twisted, making the bond breakable
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What is denaturation?
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the loss of characteristic 3-D structure (tertiary configuration)
Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation. |
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What is involved in the denaturation of proteins?
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the breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds
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What is involved in the denaturation of an enzyme?
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changes in the arrangement of the amino acids in the active site, altering its shape causing the enzyme to lose its catalytic ability.
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Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be in
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Saturation (p.121)
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What are competitive inhibitors?
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fill the active site of an enzyme and compete w the normal substrate for the active site
shape and chemical structure is similar to those of the normal substrate |
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Instead of competing w substrate for an enzyme's active site.....interacts w another part of the enzyme
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noncompetitive inhibitors
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The other site on an enzyme is called
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allosteric site
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Allosteric inhibition causes
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the enzyme to change shape, making it nonfunctional. Enzyme's activity is reduced.
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What are some examples of enzyme poisons?
What does an enzyme poison do? |
cyanide and floride
they permanently inactivate enzymes. |
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What is the name of the control mechanism used which stops a cell from wasting chemical resources by making more of a substance than it needs?
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feedback inhibition also called end-product inhibition.
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Most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are also called
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dehydrogenation reactions.
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When accepting one or more electrons then the molecule becomes
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reduced (see fig. 5.9 on p.123)
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The addition of P to a chemical compound is called
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Phosphorylation. (p. 124)
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What are the 3 mechanisms that ADP+Pi ---} ATP
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1) Substrate-level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation 3) photophosphorylation |
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in prokaryotes?
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occurs in the plasma membrane
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes?
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in the inner mitochondrial membrane
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The sequence of electron carriers used in oxidative phosphorylation is called an
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electron transport chain (system) p.125
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The breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy is called
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carbohydrate catabolism p.125
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What is the most common carbohydrate energy source used by cells?
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Glucose
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To produce energy from glucose, microorganisms use what two general processes?
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1) cellular respiration
2) fermentation p.125 |
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The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid w the production of some ATP and energy-containing NADH is a stage called
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Glycolysis
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What is the Starting Material of Glycolysis?
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Glucose
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What are the End Products of Glycolysis?
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2 pyruvic acid molecules
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What are the By Products of Glycolysis?
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2 ATP
2 NADH + H CO2 |
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What are the Starting Materials in the Krebs Cycle?
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Acetyl groups from pyruvic acid
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What is the End Product in the Krebs Cycle?
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CO2
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What are the By Products in the Kreb Cycle?
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8 NADH+ H
2 FADH2 2 ATP |
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What are the starting materials in the ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?
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Reduced coenzymes
(NADH+H and FADH2) |
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What are the End Products in the ETC?
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34 ATP (in aerobic respiration)
OR 30-34 ATP (in anaerobic respiration) AND Oxidized Coenzymes (NAD, FAD) |
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What are the By Products of the ETC?
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H2O (if aerobic)
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During glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to...
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NADH
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An Allosteric effector is also known as
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a non-competitive inhibitor
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What do coenzyme and cofactors do?
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Coenzymes (organic molecule) and cofactors (ions of iron, zinc, magnesium, or calcium) are used to activate apoenzymes, making a holoenzyme.
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What is the active form of an enzyme called?
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Holoenzyme
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Fermentation pathways always start with...
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pyruvic acid (the carbon containing product of glycolysis)
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Pyruvic acid has a C:H ratio of...
meaning that it still has lots of... |
1:1
energy |
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What Organic Solvents are produced by fermentation?
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alcohol
acetone isopropanol |
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What Organic Acids are produced by fermentation?
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lactic acid
acetic acid proprionic acid etc. |
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Fermentation pathways DO NOT produce...
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ATP
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Fermentation does NOT require...
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1) oxygen, but can sometimes occur w oxygen present.
2) the use of the Krebs cycle 3) or an electron transport chain |
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The final electron acceptor for fermentation is...
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an organic molecule
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In aerobic respiration, the final (terminal) electron acceptor is...
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O2
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In anaerobic respiration, the final (terminal) electron acceptor is...
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an Inorganic molecule other than O2 or rarely an organic molecule. p.129
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The word, "oxidative" in Oxidative Phosphorylation describes...
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how energy in a nutrient is extracted, by oxidation of it's covalent bonds.
"oxidative" does NOT refer to oxygen |
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Anaerobic respiration is unique to..
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Bacteria
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In photo-phosphorylation, the energy source used is..
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solar energy.
Electrons (energy) comes from water or some other reduced & low energy inorganic compound (like H2S) |
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The primary electron carrier in photo-phosphorylation is..
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NAD+P
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The cell membrane is impermeable to...
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protons
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What is the name of the channel that lets protons reenter the cytoplasm?
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ATP synthase (intregal membrane protein)
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What is the central catabolic pathway found in nearly all living cells?
What does this mean? |
Glycolysis
nearly all living cells can (and do) make the enzymes needed for the glycolysis pathway |
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What is co-localization?
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Puts 2 things close together to form a reaction.
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In substrate-level phosphorylation, enzymes in the metabolic pathway generate...
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a metabolic intermediate (contains a high-energy bond)
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What do phototrophs use as their primary energy source?
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light p.144
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Heterotrophs aka organotrophs mean..
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feed on others p.144
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Autotrophs aka lithotrophs mean...
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rock eating (self feeders) p.144
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