Ch 5, 10,11 Muscles

Front 1

sarcolemma

Back 1

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Front 2

sarcoplasm

Back 2

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Front 3

myofibrils

Back 3

a bundle of protein myofilaments (microfilaments)

Front 4

glycogen

Back 4

a starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the cell during heightened level of exercise.
in the sarcoplasm.
an energy storing polysaccharide abundant in muscle

Front 5

myoglobin

Back 5

red pigment of muscle that sores oxygen until needed for muscular activity
in the sarcoplasm

Front 6

muscle fibers have ----------------nuclei pressed against the-----------

Back 6

multiple flattened or sausage shaped nuclei presses againt the inside of the sarcolema

Front 7

myoblast

Back 7

stem cells

Front 8

during embryonic development myoblasts-----------

Back 8

fuse to produce each muscle fiber, each contributing a nucleus

Front 9

satelite cells

Back 9

myoblasts that remain unspecialized
located between the muscle fiber and the endomysium

Front 10

smooth ER

Back 10

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 11

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 11

forms a network around each myofibril
the smooth ER of a muscle fiber ; calcium ion reservoir

Front 12

terminal cisternae

Back 12

dilated end sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum which cross the muscle fiber from one end to the other.
adjacent to a T tubule

Front 13

transverse (T) tubules

Back 13

a tunnel-like extension of the sarcolemma extending from one side of the muscle fiber to the other; conveys electrical signals from one side of the cell surface to the other

Front 14

triad

Back 14

a T tubule and its associated 2 terminal cisternae

Front 15

the SR is a reservoir for

Back 15

calcium ions

Front 16

the SR has gated channels that open at the right time to release

Back 16

a flood of Calcium ions into the cutoplasm, where the calcium activates the muscle contraction process

Front 17

the T tubule signals the SR when to release

Back 17

calcium bursts

Front 18

myofibril

Back 18

long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cell

Front 19

myofilaments

Back 19

each myofibril is a bundle of protein microfilaments called

Front 20

3 types of myofilaments

Back 20

thick- myosin
thin - actin
elastic

Front 21

each myofibril is divided into segments called

Back 21

sarcomeres

Front 22

------- are contractile proteins because they

Back 22

myosin and actin
accomplish the shortening of the muscle fiber

Front 23

---------are called regulatory proteins because they

Back 23

tropomyosin and troponin
act like a switch to determine when the can contract or not contract

Front 24

shaped like a golf club

Back 24

myosin moloecule

Front 25

like a bead necklace

Back 25

f actin

Front 26

has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin head

Back 26

g actin

Front 27

a regulatory protein. blocks active sites of some g actins when muscle fiber is relaxed & prevents myosin from binding to them

Back 27

tropomyosin

Front 28

a regulatory protein. acts as a calcium receptor
a calciun binding protein that is bound to every tropomysin molecule

Back 28

troponin

Front 29

each myofibril is divided into segments called

Back 29

sarcomeres

Front 30

allows more calcium ion storage

Back 30

terminal cisternae

Front 31

formed by the invagination of sarcolemma (plasma membrane)

Back 31

transverse tubule

Front 32

microfilaments of muscle cells

Back 32

myofilament

Front 33

genetic defects in dystrophin are responsible for the disabling disease

Back 33

muscular distrophy

Front 34

myofilament

Back 34

a threadlike coplex of several hundred contractile protein molecules

Front 35

thick filament

Back 35

a miofilament about 11nm in diameter composed of bundled myosin molecules

Front 36

thin filament

Back 36

a miofilament about 5 to 6 nm in diameter composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

Front 37

f actin

Back 37

a fibrous protein made of a long chain of g actin molecules twisted into a helix; main protein of the thin miofilament

Front 38

striations

Back 38

alternating light and dark transverse bands across a myofibril

Front 39

A band

Back 39

dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments

Front 40

H band

Back 40

a lighter region in the middle of an a band that contains thick filaments only; thin filaments do not reach this fare into an a band in relaxed muscle

Front 41

m line

Back 41

a dark line in the middle of an h band; origin of thick filaments

Front 42

i band

Back 42

a light band composed of thin filaments only

Front 43

z disc

Back 43

a protein disc to which thin filaments and elastic filaments are anchored at each end of a sarcomere; appears as a narrow dark line in the middle of the i band

Front 44

sarcomere

Back 44

the distance from one z disc to the next; the contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Front 45

if the nerve supply to a skeletal muscle is severed, the muscle becomes paralyzed and will undergo

Back 45

denervation atrophy (shrinkage)

Front 46

skeletal muscles are innervated by nerve cells called

Back 46

somatic motor neurons

Front 47

the place where the axon meets the muscle cell is called the

Back 47

neuromuscular junction

Front 48

somatic motor neurons axons are called

Back 48

somatic motor fibers

Front 49

lead to skeletal muscles

Back 49

somatic motor fibers

Front 50

1 nerve fiber (or motor neuron) and all the muscle fiber innervated by it are called a

Back 50

motor unit

Front 51

the point where a nerve fiber meets it junction

Back 51

synapse

Front 52

a functional connection between the distal end of a nerve fiber and the middle of muscle fiber
-when the target cell is a muscle fiber the synapse is called a

Back 52

neuromuscular junction or motor end plate

Front 53

the dilated tip of a nerve fiber; contains synaptic vesicles
-at each synapse the nerve fiber end in a bulbous swelling called a

Back 53

synaptic knob

Front 54

the synaptic knob doesn't directly touch the muscle fiber but is seperated by a narrow space called a
a gap between the synaptic knob and the sarcolemma

Back 54

synaptic cleft

Front 55

spherical organelles in the synaptic knob filled with ACh

Back 55

synaptic vesicle

Front 56

the nerotransmitter released by a somatic motor fiber that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber

Back 56

acetylcholine ACh

Front 57

ACh receptor

Back 57

a transmembrane protein in the sarcolemma of the neuromuscular juntion that binds to ACh

Front 58

acetylcholinesterase AChE

Back 58

an enzyme in the sarcolemma and basal lamina of the muscle fiber in the synaptic region; responsible for degrading ACh and stopping the stimulation of the muscle fiber

Front 59

if the nerve supply to a muscle is severed, the musclew becomes paralyzed and will undergo

Back 59

denervation atrophy (shrinkage)

Front 60

a deficiency in ACh receptors leads to muscle paralysis in the disease

Back 60

myasthenia gravisb

Front 61

a process in which action potentials in the nerve lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber; it can be divided into 5 steps

Back 61

excitation

Front 62

refers to the events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments; this process has 4 steps that follow----

Back 62

excitation-contraction coupling
excitation

Front 63

the step where muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten
this process can be divided into four steps that follow-----

Back 63

contraction
excitation-contraction coupling

Front 64

myosin releases the ADP and phosphate and flexes into a bent, low energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it; this is called the

Back 64

power stroke

Front 65

hydrolyzing ATP and recocking

Back 65

recovery stroke

Front 66

where is pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid

Back 66

cytosol

Front 67

the break down of a glucose molecule to 2 molecules of pyruvic acis is called--------
and has a net yield of-------

Back 67

glycolysis
2 ATP

Front 68

aerobic respiration is limited by
and produces a total of

Back 68

oxygen availibility
38 ATP per glucose molecule

Front 69

what is the waste product of
1.anaerobic respiration----
2. aerobic respiration-------

Back 69

1. lactic acid
2. CO2

Front 70

in aerobic respiration pyruvic acid enters the----------- where it is further broken down into-------

Back 70

mitochondria
CO2 and H2O

Front 71

in glycolysis what does glucose break down to

Back 71

pyruvic acid

Front 72

what is the only advantage of anaerobic respiration

Back 72

not limited by O2 availability

Front 73

3 ways muscle cells are provided with ATP

Back 73

1. phosphagen system
2. anaerobic respiration (glycogen-lactic acid system, fermentation)
3. aerobic respiration

Front 74

a single muscle fiber may contain--------------thick filaments.
when the fiber is contracting each filament breaks down to roughly --------------

Back 74

15 billion thick filaments
2500 ATP molecules per second

Front 75

which 2 systems are responsible for getting O2 out to the muscle cells

Back 75

respiratory and circulatory systems

Front 76

muscle cells store

Back 76

ATP and CP
myoglbin
glycogen

Front 77

oxygen binding pigment that give muscles tissue its reddish color

Back 77

myoglobin

Front 78

the ATP and CP stored in muscle cells are referred to as the

Back 78

phosphagen system

Front 79

polysaccharide (macromolecule composed of many glucose molecules bonded together)

Back 79

glycogen

Front 80

which system provides immediate energy

Back 80

phosphagen system

Front 81

which system provides most of the energy in sports involving intense bursts of energy lasting between 15 seconds and 1 min

Back 81

anaerobic repiration

Front 82

which system provides immediate energy for sports 15 seconds or less
football weight lifting, sprinting swim races running to 1st base ect..

Back 82

phosphagen system

Front 83

which system provides long term energy sports where endurance rather than power is a goal jogging

Back 83

aerobic respiration

Front 84

anaerobic respiration is sometimes called

Back 84

glycogen-lactic acid system

Front 85

H2CO3

Back 85

carbonic acid

Front 86

HCO3-

Back 86

bicarbonate ions

Front 87

H+

Back 87

hydrogen ions

Front 88

creatine phosphate + ADP =

Back 88

ATP + creatine

Front 89

where is lactic acid converted back to pyruvic acid

Back 89

liver

Front 90

synergist

Back 90

a muscle that aids the prime mover, may stabilize a joint or modify direction of the movement

Front 91

antagonist

Back 91

muscle that opposes the prime mover, often maintains some tension during movement limiting the speed or range of the movement to protect injury

Front 92

fixator

Back 92

muscle that prevents bone from moving; allowing other muscles attached to it to pull on something else

Front 93

origin

Back 93

the bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end

Front 94

insertion

Back 94

attachment site at the more mobile end

Front 95

belly

Back 95

thicker middle region of a muscle

Front 96

intrinsic muscle

Back 96

is entirely contained within a particular region having both origin and insertion there

Front 97

extrinsic muscle

Back 97

acts upon a certain region but has its origin elsewhere. the forearm muscles that control the fingers

Front 98

---------- the muscle ends short of the bone, and the gap is bridged by a fibrous band or sheet called a ---------

Back 98

indirect attachment
tendon

Front 99

in some cases the tendon is a broad sheet called an
ex tendon beneath scalp

Back 99

aponeurosis

Front 100

in some places groups of tendons from separate muscles pass under a band of CT called a
ex the one that encircles the wrist like a bracelet

Back 100

retinaculum

Front 101

--------------the muscular tissue seems to emerge directly from the bone as seen by the naked eye, but the muscle stops short of the bone and the gap is filled by -------------

Back 101

direct (fleshy) attachment
collagen fibers

Front 102

skeletal muscle contractions 4 overlapping functions

Back 102

1 movement
2 stability
3 control of bodies openings and passages
4 heat production- prod 85% of body heat

Front 103

four connective tissue components from superficial to deep

Back 103

fascia
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

Front 104

CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

Back 104

endomysium

Front 105

-------thicker CT that wraps muscle fibers into bundles called---------

Back 105

perimysium
fascicles

Front 106

fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

Back 106

epimysium

Front 107

is a sheet of CT that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and from subcutaneous tissue

Back 107

fascia

Front 108

fascicles determine

Back 108

the strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull

Front 109

fusiform

Back 109

thick in middle and tapered at each end
ex biceps brachii

Front 110

parellel

Back 110

fairly uniform width and parallel fascicles
ex rectus abdominis, sartorius

Front 111

triangular (convergent)

Back 111

muscles are fan shaped, broad at origin and narrow at insertion
ex pectoralis major

Front 112

pennate

Back 112

muscles are feather shaped, with fascicles inserting obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Front 113

unipennate

Back 113

muscles have fascicles approaching the tendon from 1 side
ex extensor digitorium longus

Front 114

bipennate

Back 114

muscles have fascicles approaching the tendon from both sides
ex rectus femoris

Front 115

multipennate

Back 115

muscles are shaped like a bunch of feathers with quills converging on a single point
ex deltoid

Front 116

circular (sphincters)

Back 116

form rings around certain openings
ex obicularis oculi

Front 117

the --------- of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it
name the 2 general groups of nerves

Back 117

innervation
spinal nerves
cranial nerves