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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gas Exchange
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The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide in opposite directions between the environment and blood and between blood and cells.
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Respiratory System
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All components of the body that contribute to the exchange of gas between the external environment and the blood; in mammals, includes the nose, mouth, airways, and lungs and the muscles and connective tissues that encase these structures within the thoracic (chest) cavity.
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Atmospheric (Barometric) Pressure
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The pressure exerted by the gases in air on the body surfaces of animals.
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Partial Pressure
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The individual pressure of each gas in the air; the sum of these pressures is known as atmospheric pressure.
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Ventilation
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The process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a respiratory surface such as gills or lungs.
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Challenges of Air Breathers
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1. Dryness of air
a. dries out lungs b. dehydrates animal c. reduces availability of gas |
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Challenges of Water Breathers
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1. Less oxygen available
2. Requires more NRG to move water )more dense) 3. Cold water removes heat from animal 4. Osmotic movement can cause water imbalances in body |
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pharynx
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A portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal; also known as the throat.
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larynx
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The segment of the respiratory tract that contains the vocal cords.
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Trachea
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1. A sturdy tube arising from the spiracles of an insect's body; involved in respiration. 2. The name of the tube leading to the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
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Bronchi
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Tubes branching from the trachea and leading into the lungs.
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Bronchioles
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A thin-walled, small tube branching from the bronchi and leading to the alveoli in mammalian lungs.
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Alveoli
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Saclike structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
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Pleural sac
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A double layer of moist sheathlike membranes that encases each lung.
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Negative pressure filling
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The mechanism by which reptiles, birds, and mammals ventilate their lungs; the volume of the lungs expands, creating a negative pressure that draws air into the lungs.
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External intercostal muscles
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Muscles of the rib cage that contract during inhalation, thereby expanding the chest.
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Diaphragm
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A large muscle that subdivides the thoracic cavity from the abdomen in mammals; contraction of the diaphragm enlarges the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
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Tidal ventilation
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A type of breathing in mammals in which the lungs are inflated with air & then the chest muscles & diaphragm relax & recoil back to their original positions as an animal exhales. During exhalation, air leaves via the same route that it entered during inhalation, & no new oxygen is delivered to the airways at that time.
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Tidal volume
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The volume of air that is normally breathed in and out at rest.
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Surficant
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A mixture of proteins and amphipathic lipids produced in certain alveolar cells that prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension in the lungs.
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Air sacs
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A component of the avian respiratory system; air sacs—not lungs—expand when a bird inhales and shrink when it exhales. They do not participate in gas exchange, but help direct air through the lungs.
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Parabronchi
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In birds, a series of parallel air tubes that make up the lungs and are the regions of gas exchange.
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Respiration centers
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Several regions of the brainstem in vertebrates that initiate expansion of the lungs.
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Chemoreceptors
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A sensory receptor in animals that responds to specific chemical compounds.
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Link between Ventilation Rate and Hydrogen ion concentration
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The concentration of hydrogen ions in the fluid bathing the brainstem chemoreceptors reflects the amount of carbon dioxide produced by cells during metabolism.
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Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in Blood
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1. Respiratory Pigments
2. Partial pressure of oxygen |
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Respiratory pigments
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A large protein that contains one or more metal atoms that bind to oxygen.
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Hemocyanin
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A copper-containing pigment that binds oxygen and gives blood or hemolymph a bluish tint.
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Hemoglobin
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An iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and is found within the cytosol of red blood cells.
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oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
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A curve that represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin proteins.
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sickle-cell disease
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A disease due to a genetic mutation in a hemoglobin gene in which sickle-shaped red blood cells are less able to move smoothly through capillaries and can block blood flow, resulting in severe pain and cell death of the surrounding tissue.
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Malaria
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A disease transmitted by bites from mosquitos. The sickle-cell trait protects individuals from developing full-blown malaria.
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Asthma
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A disease in which the smooth muscles around the bronchioles contract more than usual, decreasing airflow in the lungs.
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Bronchodilators
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A compound that binds to the muscles of the bronchioles of the lung and causes them to relax, thereby widening the bronchioles.
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Emphysema
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A progressive disease characterized by a loss of elastic recoil ability of the lungs, usually resulting from chronic tobacco smoking.
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