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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Gas Exchange
The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide in opposite directions between the environment and blood and between blood and cells.
Respiratory System
All components of the body that contribute to the exchange of gas between the external environment and the blood; in mammals, includes the nose, mouth, airways, and lungs and the muscles and connective tissues that encase these structures within the thoracic (chest) cavity.
Atmospheric (Barometric) Pressure
The pressure exerted by the gases in air on the body surfaces of animals.
Partial Pressure
The individual pressure of each gas in the air; the sum of these pressures is known as atmospheric pressure.
Ventilation
The process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a respiratory surface such as gills or lungs.
Challenges of Air Breathers
1. Dryness of air
a. dries out lungs
b. dehydrates animal
c. reduces availability of gas
Challenges of Water Breathers
1. Less oxygen available
2. Requires more NRG to move water )more dense)
3. Cold water removes heat from animal
4. Osmotic movement can cause water imbalances in body
pharynx
A portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal; also known as the throat.
larynx
The segment of the respiratory tract that contains the vocal cords.
Trachea
1. A sturdy tube arising from the spiracles of an insect's body; involved in respiration. 2. The name of the tube leading to the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
Bronchi
Tubes branching from the trachea and leading into the lungs.
Bronchioles
A thin-walled, small tube branching from the bronchi and leading to the alveoli in mammalian lungs.
Alveoli
Saclike structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Pleural sac
A double layer of moist sheathlike membranes that encases each lung.
Negative pressure filling
The mechanism by which reptiles, birds, and mammals ventilate their lungs; the volume of the lungs expands, creating a negative pressure that draws air into the lungs.
External intercostal muscles
Muscles of the rib cage that contract during inhalation, thereby expanding the chest.
Diaphragm
A large muscle that subdivides the thoracic cavity from the abdomen in mammals; contraction of the diaphragm enlarges the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
Tidal ventilation
A type of breathing in mammals in which the lungs are inflated with air & then the chest muscles & diaphragm relax & recoil back to their original positions as an animal exhales. During exhalation, air leaves via the same route that it entered during inhalation, & no new oxygen is delivered to the airways at that time.
Tidal volume
The volume of air that is normally breathed in and out at rest.
Surficant
A mixture of proteins and amphipathic lipids produced in certain alveolar cells that prevents the collapse of alveoli by reducing surface tension in the lungs.
Air sacs
A component of the avian respiratory system; air sacs—not lungs—expand when a bird inhales and shrink when it exhales. They do not participate in gas exchange, but help direct air through the lungs.
Parabronchi
In birds, a series of parallel air tubes that make up the lungs and are the regions of gas exchange.
Respiration centers
Several regions of the brainstem in vertebrates that initiate expansion of the lungs.
Chemoreceptors
A sensory receptor in animals that responds to specific chemical compounds.
Link between Ventilation Rate and Hydrogen ion concentration
The concentration of hydrogen ions in the fluid bathing the brainstem chemoreceptors reflects the amount of carbon dioxide produced by cells during metabolism.
Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in Blood
1. Respiratory Pigments
2. Partial pressure of oxygen
Respiratory pigments
A large protein that contains one or more metal atoms that bind to oxygen.
Hemocyanin
A copper-containing pigment that binds oxygen and gives blood or hemolymph a bluish tint.
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and is found within the cytosol of red blood cells.
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
A curve that represents the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin proteins.
sickle-cell disease
A disease due to a genetic mutation in a hemoglobin gene in which sickle-shaped red blood cells are less able to move smoothly through capillaries and can block blood flow, resulting in severe pain and cell death of the surrounding tissue.
Malaria
A disease transmitted by bites from mosquitos. The sickle-cell trait protects individuals from developing full-blown malaria.
Asthma
A disease in which the smooth muscles around the bronchioles contract more than usual, decreasing airflow in the lungs.
Bronchodilators
A compound that binds to the muscles of the bronchioles of the lung and causes them to relax, thereby widening the bronchioles.
Emphysema
A progressive disease characterized by a loss of elastic recoil ability of the lungs, usually resulting from chronic tobacco smoking.