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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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larynx |
voice box |
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tracheal system |
a branching network of tubes that carries air from small openings in the exoskeleton of an insect to tissues throughout its body |
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bronchioles |
one of the small, branching airways in the lungs that lead into the alveoli |
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vital capacity |
the max tidal volume of air that an individual can inhale and exhale |
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gills |
a respiratory organ formed as evagination of the body that extends outward into the respiratory medium |
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pleura |
the double layer of epithelial tissue covering the lungs |
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bronchus |
(bronchi) an airway that leads from the trachea to the lungs |
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carotid bodies |
a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the carotid artery that measures changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it |
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internal gills |
a gill located within the body that has a cover providing physical protection for the gills. Water must be brought to internal gills |
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external gills |
a gill that extends out from the body and lacks a protective covering |
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residual volume |
the air that remains in lungs after exhalation |
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countercurrent exchange |
a mechanism in which the water flowing over the gills moves in a direction opposite to the flow of blood under the respiratory surface |
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respiratory medium |
the environmental source of O2 and the "sink" for released CO2. For aquatic animals, the respiratory medium is water, for terrestrial animals, it is air |
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perfusion |
the flow of blood or other body fluids on the internal side of the respiratory surface |
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partial pressure |
in a mixture of gases, the pressure of each individual gas |
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respiratory surface |
a layer of epithelial cells that provides the interface between the body and the respiratory medium |
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positive pressure breathing |
a gulping or swallowing motion that forces air into the lungs |
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spiracles |
an opening in the chitinous exoskeleton of an insect through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system |
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negative pressure breathing |
muscular contractions that expand the lungs, lowering the pressure of the air in the lungs and causing air to be pulled inward |
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aortic bodies |
one of several small clusters of chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch that measures changes in blood pressure and the composition of arterial blood flowing past it |
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pharynx |
the throat in mammals, the common pathway for air entering the larynx and food entering the esophagus |
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physiological respiration |
the process by which animals exchange gases with their surroundings, how they take in oxygen from the outside environment and deliver it to body cells, and remove carbon dioxide from body cells and deliver it to the environment |
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ventilation |
the flow of the respiratory medium (air/water) over the respiratory surface |
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alveoli |
one of the millions of tiny air pockets in mammalian lungs, each surrounded by dense capillary networks |
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tidal volume |
the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs during inhalation and exhalation |
