Ch 46 Ap Bio

Front 1

androgen binding protein (ABP)

Back 1

has a high affinity for testosterone and holds that hormone within the tubules of the testis, where it promotes spermatogenesis along with FSH

Front 2

androgens

Back 2

hormones with masculinizing effects

Front 3

cervix

Back 3

external opening of the uterus; made of largely of the largest sphincter muscle in the body

Front 4

clitoris

Back 4

female structure which develops from the same structure as the male penis; sexual arousal appears to be its only function

Front 5

contraception

Back 5

refers to birth control methods to prevent fertilization

Front 6

copulation

Back 6

direct passage of sperm from inside the male's body to inside the female's body

Front 7

corpus luteum

Back 7

the remains of the burst follicle called a "yellow body"; tissue that secretes hormones during the final, luteal, phase of the cycle

Front 8

Cowper's gland

Back 8

small gland which empties into the urethra just after the prostate gland; produces alkaline fluid to neutralize uric acid

Front 9

dilation

Back 9

first stage of labor; usually 2-20 hours; ends when cervix is fully open

Front 10

ejaculation

Back 10

forceful ejection of semen from the penis

Front 11

endometrium

Back 11

the lining of the uterus; provides a suitable environment for the growth of the early embryo and later forms the maternal portion of the placenta

Front 12

epididymus

Back 12

storage structure for sperm where they finish maturation

Front 13

estrogen

Back 13

produced by the ovaries; stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and preparation of uterine lining for implantation of the embryo

Front 14

expulsion

Back 14

second stage of labor; lasts about 2 to 100 minutes

Front 15

extra embryonic membranes

Back 15

the chorion, allantois, and amnion; parts of these form part of the placenta

Front 16

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 16

stimulates production of gametes in both sexes

Front 17

follicles

Back 17

structure in an ovary which consists of an immature egg surrounded by nutritive follicle cells

Front 18

full crowning

Back 18

appearance of the baby's head in the cervix; marks the beginning of expulsion

Front 19

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 19

released by the hypothalamus at the beginning of the menstrual cycle; it induces the pituitary gland to secrete small quantities of FSH and LH

Front 20

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 20

secreted by the placenta; a hormone related to LH; promotes production of progesterone

Front 21

hymen

Back 21

a protective membrane which covers the vaginal orifice when a girl is born

Front 22

labia majora

Back 22

outer, larger, protective, fleshy "lips" of the female's exterior urogenital openings

Front 23

labia minora

Back 23

inner, smaller, fleshy, protective "lips" of the female's external urogenital openings

Front 24

labor

Back 24

the process by which the uterus expels the baby and the placenta

Front 25

leutenizing hormone (LH)

Back 25

released by the pituitary gland in both sexes; stimulates secretion of sex hormones by gonads in both sexes; stimulates ovulation on females

Front 26

menstrual cycle

Back 26

hormonal changes and their effects on the female body; they start at puberty and end 30 - 40 years later at menopause

Front 27

menstrual period

Back 27

the shedding of the uterine lining when fertilization does not occur

Front 28

oocytes

Back 28

immature eggs

Front 29

orgasm

Back 29

involuntary muscular contractions around the vagina in females and ejaculation as the culmination of copulation males

Front 30

ovaries

Back 30

the female gonads; responsible for the production of eggs

Front 31

oviduct

Back 31

tube which captures the egg and leads to the uterus; fertilization usually occurs about halfway down this duct

Front 32

ovulation

Back 32

occurs when the wall of a mature follicle ruptures and the egg pop out into the coelom

Front 33

oxytocin

Back 33

a hormone which causes the muscles of the uterus to contract and cause birth

Front 34

placental stage

Back 34

third stage of labor; begins when the baby is born; the umbilical cord is clamped and the uterus expels the placenta 5 to 45 minutes later

Front 35

progesterone

Back 35

a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum along with estrogen; increasing levels of this and estrogen produce a negative feed back effect on the pituitary, inhibiting secretion of LH and FSH

Front 36

prolactin

Back 36

hormone produced by the pituitary; stimulates milk production

Front 37

proliferation phase

Back 37

part of menstrual cycle during which endometrium of uterine thickens

Front 38

prostate gland

Back 38

large gland through which the urethra and vas deferens both pass and where they unite; also produces alkaline fluid to neutralize uric acid in urethra

Front 39

scrotum

Back 39

a sac outside the body cavity in mammals which contains the testes

Front 40

secondary sexual characteristics

Back 40

characteristics which are not part of the actual reproductive apparatus such as enlarged breast in the female and higher metabolic rate in males

Front 41

secrectory phase

Back 41

two week long part of the menstrual cycle during which the endometrium continues to thicken and secretes a fluid rich in glycogen for a developing embryo

Front 42

semen

Back 42

the sperm and its attendant secretions

Front 43

seminal vesicles

Back 43

glands through which the vas deferens passes just prior to entering the prostate gland; a clear fluid containing the carbohydrate fructose is added here as an energy source for the sperm

Front 44

seminiferous tubules

Back 44

tubules in the testes lined with cells which produce the sperm cells

Front 45

spermatophore

Back 45

a packet of sperm in spiders and squid

Front 46

sterilization

Back 46

a permanent change which prevents an animal from reproducing sexually

Front 47

Testes

Back 47

organs which produce spermatozoa or sperm

Front 48

testosterone

Back 48

the most important male sex hormone; produced primarily by the testes; some produced by adrenal glands along with other androgens

Front 49

tubal ligation

Back 49

the cutting and tying off of the oviducts

Front 50

umbilicus

Back 50

formed by the membranes joining the embryo to the placenta; it grows thicker and longer as development proceeds

Front 51

uterus

Back 51

a strong elastic organ whose main function is to hold a developing embryo and expel it during childbirth

Front 52

vagina

Back 52

the receptacle for the penis during copulation and is the pathway to the exterior for the baby during childbirth

Front 53

vas deferens

Back 53

tube through which the sperm move during sexual stimulation; leads from the epididymus to the seminal vesicles

Front 54

vasectomy

Back 54

male sterilization; severing and tying off the vasa deferens

Front 55

vulva

Back 55

collective term for the external reproductive organs of the female