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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism. Also, a specific set of chemical reactions occurring at the cellular level.
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Metabolic rate
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The total energy expenditure of an organism per unit of time.
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Aborptive State
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One of two alternating phases in the utilization of nutrients; occurs when ingested nutrients enter the blood from the gastrointestinal tract. The other phase is the postabsorptive state.
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Postabsorptive State
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One of two alternating phases in the utilization of nutrients; occurs when the gastrointestinal tract is empty of nutrients and the body's own stores must supply energy. The other phase is the absorptive state.
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Triglycerides
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An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids; a blood lipid that help enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver.
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Glycogenolysis
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A mechanism for maintaining blood glucose level; stored glycogen can be broken down into molecules of glucose which are then secreted into the blood.
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Gluconeogenesis
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The breakdown products of triglycerides and proteins, namely, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids, can be used for energy either directly or indirectly by their conversion in the liver to glucose.
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Glucose Sparing
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A metabolic adjustment that reserves the glucose produced by the liver for use by the nervous system.
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Insulin
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A hormone found in animals that regulates metabolism in several ways, primarily by regulating the blood glucose concentration.
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GLUTs
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Proteins called glucose transporters; located within pre-formed vesicles that are stored in the cytosol of cells.
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Glucagon
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A hormone found in animals that stimulates the processes of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the synthesis of ketones in the liver.
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Energy Expenditure
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The amount of energy an animal uses in a given period of time to power all of its metabolic requirements.
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Calorie
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. 4.187 joules
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Basal Metabolic Rate( BMR)
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The metabolic rate of an animal under resting conditions, in a postabsorptive state, and at a standard temperature.
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Endotherms
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An animal that generates its own internal heat and maintains a relatively stable body temperature independent of the environment.
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Direct calorimetry
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A method of determining basal metabolic rate that involves quantifying the amount of heat generated by the animal.
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Indirect Calorimetry
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A method of determining basal metabolic rate in which the rate at which an animal uses oxygen is measured.
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Food-Induced Thermogenesis
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A rise in metabolic rate for a few hours after eating that produces heat.
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Mass-specific BMR
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The amount of energy expended per gram of body mass.
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Torpor
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The strategy in endotherms of lowering internal body temperature to just a few degrees above that of the environment in order to conserve energy.
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Hibernation
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The state of torpor in an animal that can last for months.
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Satiety
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A feeling of fullness.
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Satiety signals
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A response to eating that removes the sensation of hunger and sets the time period before hunger returns again.
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Leptin
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A hormone produced by adipose cells in proportion to fat mass; controls appetite and metabolic rate.
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Ectotherm
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An animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals.Cold blooded animals, those who cannot regulate their body temperature.
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Endotherm
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A warm-blooded animal: an animal that is able to maintain a constant body temperature despite changes in the temperature of its environment
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Homeotherm
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An animal that maintains its body temperature within a narrow range.
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Heterotherm
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An animal that has a body temperature that is not constant; both exotherms and endotherms may be heterotherms.
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Radiation
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Process by which heat moves from the sun into the body and from the body into the air
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Evaporation
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Heat loss from panting or sweating
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Convection
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The transfer of heat by the movement of air or water next to the body. For example, the air close to an endotherm's body is heated by conduction.
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Conduction
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the body surface loses or gains heat through direct contact with cooler or warmer substances. The greater the temperature difference, the greater is the rate of heat transfer.
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Shivering Thermogenesis
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Rapid muscle contractions in an animal, without any locomotion, in order to raise body temperature.
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Nonshivering Thermogenesis
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An increase in an animal's metabolic rate that is not due to increased muscle activity; occurs primarily in brown adipose tissue.
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Brown Adipose Tissue
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A specialized tissue in small mammals such as hibernating bats, small rodents living in cold environments, and many newborn mammals, including humans, that can help to generate heat and maintain body temperature.
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Acclimation
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A long-term and persistent physiological adaptation to an extreme environment.
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Obese
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BMI over 30
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Thrift Genes
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Genes that boosted our ancestors' ability to store fat from each feast in order to sustain them through the next famine.
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Characterized by extreme weight loss. People become pathologically obsessed with weight and body image, and reduce their food intake to the point of starving; may have both biological & psychological causes.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Involves recurrent episodes of fasting & overeating; may occur because of regular self-induced vomiting and the use of laxatives, as well as strict dieting, fasting, or vigorous exercise; obsessed with body weight, although usually within 10% of their ideal weight.
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