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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acclimatization
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The physiological adaptation of an animal or plant to changes in climate or environment, such as light, temperature, or altitude
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afferent arteriole
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Part of renal artery supplying blood to the nephron
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aldosterone
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A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the salt and water balance in the body
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ammonia
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NH3 molecule produced in the body via respiration
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angiotensin II
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Any of three polypeptide hormones, one of which is a powerful vasoconstrictor, that function in the body in controlling arterial pressure
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anhydrobiosis
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abnormal deficiency or absence of sweating
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antidiuretic hormone
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hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
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atrial natriuretic factor
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Opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), responding to high blood pressure to stop renin production, salt reabsorption, and aldosterone production
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Bowman's capsule
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A double-walled, cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water
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brown fat
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A dark-colored, mitochondrion-rich adipose tissue in many mammals that generates heat to regulate body temperature, especially in hibernating animals
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collecting duct
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Part of the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected
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conduction
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the transfer of heat through matter by communication of kinetic energy from particle to particle
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convection
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Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another
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cortical nephrons
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Most nephrons, have small loop of Henle, mostly in cortical region
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countercurrent heat exchanger
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Using warm blood moving from to core of the body to heat cold blood returning to the core of the body
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distal tubule
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Last tubule in nephron where sodium and water are removed, hydrogen and potassium are reabsorbed
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ectotherm
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An organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings; a poikilotherm
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efferent arteriole
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Formed from blood as it leaves the glomerulus
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endotherm
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An organism that generates heat to maintain its body temperature, typically above the temperature of its surroundings; a homeotherm
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estivation
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A state of dormancy or torpor during the summer
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euryhaline
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Capable of tolerating a wide range of salt water concentrations. Used of an aquatic organism
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evaporation
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To convert or change into a vapor
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excretion
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The act or process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs
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filtration
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The process of filtering the blood in the kidney to produce urine
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glomerulus
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A tuft of capillaries situated within a Bowman's capsule at the end of a renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney that filters waste products from the blood and thus initiates urine formation
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heat-shock proteins
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any of a group of proteins that were orig. isolated from certain bacteria exposed to heat, that occur especially in cells subjected to heat stress, that keep the proteins in the cell from unraveling
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hibernation
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To pass the winter in a dormant or torpid state
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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a functional unit near a kidney glomerulus that controls renin release and is composed of juxtaglomerular cells and a macula densa
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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20% of nephrons with pronounced loops of Henle extending into medulla region
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loop of Henle
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The segment of the nephron of a vertebrate kidney that is situated between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. It plays a role in the transport of ions and water and the concentrating of urine
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Malpighian tubules
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Excretory organ of insects that empties into digestive tract, removes waste from blood, and osmoregulates
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metanephridium
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In annelids, a type of excretory tube with internal openings and external openings to collect and remove waste
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nephron
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Any of the numerous filtering units of the vertebrate kidney that remove waste matter from the blood
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nonshivering thermogenesis
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The hormonal triggering of heat productiont hroughout the body by increasing metabolism
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osmoconformer
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An organism that keeps its salt and ion concentrations equal to that of its environment
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osmolarity
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The osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution
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osmoregulation
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Maintenance of an optimal, constant osmotic pressure in the body of a living organism
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osmoregulator
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a body mechanism concerned with the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure relationships
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peritubular capillaries
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any of a network of capillaries surrounding the renal tubules
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podocytes
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An epithelial cell of the renal glomerulus, attached to the outer surface of the glomerular capillary basement membrane by cytoplasmic foot processes
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protonephridium
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Excretory system, like flame cells of flatworms, with a series of closed internal tubes with external openings
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proximal tubule
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portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle, functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate
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radiation
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Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, in the form of particles
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reabsorption
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The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules and their return to the circulating blood.
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renal artery
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An artery with its origin in the aorta and with distribution to the kidney
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renal cortex
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The part of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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renal medulla
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Internal part of kidney with collecting ducts and the loops of Henle
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renal vein
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a short thick vein that is formed in each kidney
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renin
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A proteinase of high specificity that is released by the kidney and acts to raise blood pressure by activating angiotensin
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renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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Part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis, responding to low blood pressure to produce renin than angiotensin II and aldosterone
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secretion
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The process of secreting a substance, especially one that is not a waste, from the blood or cells
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stenohaline
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Limited to or able to live only within a narrow range of saltwater concentrations. Used of aquatic organisms
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stress-induced proteins
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Special molecules that can be produced to prevent denaturation of key proteins in heat, pH, or toxins that would otherwise damage them
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thermoregulation
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the maintenance or regulation of temperature
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torpor
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The dormant, inactive state of a hibernating or estivating animal
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transport epithelium
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A layer or layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements
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ureter
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The long, narrow duct that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or cloaca
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urethra
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The canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder in most mammals and through which semen is discharged in the male
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uric acid
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A semisolid compound, C5H4N4O3, that is a nitrogenous end product of protein and purine metabolism and is the chief nitrogenous component of the urine in birds, terrestrial reptiles, and insects
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urinary bladder
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An elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion
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vasa recta
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The collecting tubules of the kidney
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vasoconstriction
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Constriction of the blood vessels
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vasodilation
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Dilation of blood vessels
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