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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
acclimatization
The physiological adaptation of an animal or plant to changes in climate or environment, such as light, temperature, or altitude
afferent arteriole
Part of renal artery supplying blood to the nephron
aldosterone
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the salt and water balance in the body
ammonia
NH3 molecule produced in the body via respiration
angiotensin II
Any of three polypeptide hormones, one of which is a powerful vasoconstrictor, that function in the body in controlling arterial pressure
anhydrobiosis
abnormal deficiency or absence of sweating
antidiuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
atrial natriuretic factor
Opposes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), responding to high blood pressure to stop renin production, salt reabsorption, and aldosterone production
Bowman's capsule
A double-walled, cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron of the vertebrate kidney. It serves as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess inorganic salts, and water
brown fat
A dark-colored, mitochondrion-rich adipose tissue in many mammals that generates heat to regulate body temperature, especially in hibernating animals
collecting duct
Part of the kidney where filtrate from renal tubules is collected
conduction
the transfer of heat through matter by communication of kinetic energy from particle to particle
convection
Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another
cortical nephrons
Most nephrons, have small loop of Henle, mostly in cortical region
countercurrent heat exchanger
Using warm blood moving from to core of the body to heat cold blood returning to the core of the body
distal tubule
Last tubule in nephron where sodium and water are removed, hydrogen and potassium are reabsorbed
ectotherm
An organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surroundings; a poikilotherm
efferent arteriole
Formed from blood as it leaves the glomerulus
endotherm
An organism that generates heat to maintain its body temperature, typically above the temperature of its surroundings; a homeotherm
estivation
A state of dormancy or torpor during the summer
euryhaline
Capable of tolerating a wide range of salt water concentrations. Used of an aquatic organism
evaporation
To convert or change into a vapor
excretion
The act or process of discharging waste matter from the blood, tissues, or organs
filtration
The process of filtering the blood in the kidney to produce urine
glomerulus
A tuft of capillaries situated within a Bowman's capsule at the end of a renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney that filters waste products from the blood and thus initiates urine formation
heat-shock proteins
any of a group of proteins that were orig. isolated from certain bacteria exposed to heat, that occur especially in cells subjected to heat stress, that keep the proteins in the cell from unraveling
hibernation
To pass the winter in a dormant or torpid state
juxtaglomerular apparatus
a functional unit near a kidney glomerulus that controls renin release and is composed of juxtaglomerular cells and a macula densa
juxtamedullary nephrons
20% of nephrons with pronounced loops of Henle extending into medulla region
loop of Henle
The segment of the nephron of a vertebrate kidney that is situated between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. It plays a role in the transport of ions and water and the concentrating of urine
Malpighian tubules
Excretory organ of insects that empties into digestive tract, removes waste from blood, and osmoregulates
metanephridium
In annelids, a type of excretory tube with internal openings and external openings to collect and remove waste
nephron
Any of the numerous filtering units of the vertebrate kidney that remove waste matter from the blood
nonshivering thermogenesis
The hormonal triggering of heat productiont hroughout the body by increasing metabolism
osmoconformer
An organism that keeps its salt and ion concentrations equal to that of its environment
osmolarity
The osmotic concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solution
osmoregulation
Maintenance of an optimal, constant osmotic pressure in the body of a living organism
osmoregulator
a body mechanism concerned with the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure relationships
peritubular capillaries
any of a network of capillaries surrounding the renal tubules
podocytes
An epithelial cell of the renal glomerulus, attached to the outer surface of the glomerular capillary basement membrane by cytoplasmic foot processes
protonephridium
Excretory system, like flame cells of flatworms, with a series of closed internal tubes with external openings
proximal tubule
portion of the vertebrate nephron that lies between Bowman's capsule and the loop of Henle, functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate
radiation
Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, in the form of particles
reabsorption
The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules and their return to the circulating blood.
renal artery
An artery with its origin in the aorta and with distribution to the kidney
renal cortex
The part of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
renal medulla
Internal part of kidney with collecting ducts and the loops of Henle
renal vein
a short thick vein that is formed in each kidney
renin
A proteinase of high specificity that is released by the kidney and acts to raise blood pressure by activating angiotensin
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis, responding to low blood pressure to produce renin than angiotensin II and aldosterone
secretion
The process of secreting a substance, especially one that is not a waste, from the blood or cells
stenohaline
Limited to or able to live only within a narrow range of saltwater concentrations. Used of aquatic organisms
stress-induced proteins
Special molecules that can be produced to prevent denaturation of key proteins in heat, pH, or toxins that would otherwise damage them
thermoregulation
the maintenance or regulation of temperature
torpor
The dormant, inactive state of a hibernating or estivating animal
transport epithelium
A layer or layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements
ureter
The long, narrow duct that conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or cloaca
urethra
The canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder in most mammals and through which semen is discharged in the male
uric acid
A semisolid compound, C5H4N4O3, that is a nitrogenous end product of protein and purine metabolism and is the chief nitrogenous component of the urine in birds, terrestrial reptiles, and insects
urinary bladder
An elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion
vasa recta
The collecting tubules of the kidney
vasoconstriction
Constriction of the blood vessels
vasodilation
Dilation of blood vessels