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64 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sense
A system in an animal that consists of sensory cells that respond to a specific type of chemical or physical stimulus and send signals to the central nervous system, where the signals are received and interpreted.
Sensory Transduction
The process by which incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals.
Perception
An awareness of the sensations that are experienced.
Sensory Receptor
In animals, a specialized cell whose function is to receive sensory inputs.
Receptor Potential
The membrane potential in a sensory receptor cell of an animal; becomes more and more positive as the strength of the stimulus increases.
Mechanoreceptors
A sensory receptor in animals that transduces mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, movement, and sound.
Thermoreceptors
A sensory receptor in animals that responds to cold and heat.
Nociceptors
A sensory receptor in animals that responds to extreme heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids; also known as a pain receptor.
Electromagnetic Receptors
A sensory receptor in animals that detects radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic fields in some animals.
Ex: Pigeons & trout
Photoreceptors
A specialized cell in an animal that responds to visible light energy.
Chemoreceptor
A sensory receptor in animals that responds to specific chemical compounds.
Meissner's Corpuscles
Structures that sense touch and light pressure and lie just beneath the skin surface of an animal.
Pacinian Corpuscles
Structures located deep beneath the surface of an animal's skin that respond to deep pressure or vibration.
Ruffini Corpuscles
Tactile (touch) receptors in the skin of mammals that respond to deep pressure and vibration.
Stretch Recptors
A type of mechanoreceptor found widely in an animal's organs and muscle tissues that can be distended.
Hair Cells
A mechanoreceptor in animals that is a specialized epithelial cell with deformable stereocilia.
Stereocilia
Deformable projections from epithelial cells called hair cells that are bent by movements of fluid or other stimuli.
Lateral Line System
Microscopic sensory organs in fishes and some toads that allows them to detect movement in surrounding water.
Audition
The sense of hearing;The ability to detect and interpret sound waves; present in vertebrates and arthropods, but not other phyla.
Outer ear
One of the three main compartments of the mammalian ear; consists of the external ear, or pinna, and the auditory canal.
Middle Ear
One of the three main compartments of the mammalian ear; contains three small bones called ossicles that connect the eardrum with the oval window.
Inner Ear
One of the three main compartments of the mammalian ear. The inner ear is composed of the bony cochlea and the vestibular system, which plays a role in balance.
Cochlea
A coiled structure in the inner ear of mammals that contains the auditory receptors (organ of Corti).
Eustachian Tube
In mammals, a connection from the middle ear to the pharynx; maintains the pressure in the middle ear at atmospheric pressure.
Basilar Membrane
A component of the mammalian ear that vibrates back and forth in response to sound and bends the stereocilia in one direction and then the other.
Echolocation
The phenomenon in which certain species listen for echoes of high-frequency sound waves in order to determine the distance and location of an object. (bats, whales, & shrews)
Statocysts
An organ of equilibrium found in many invertebrate species that sends information to the brain about the position of the animal in space.
Statoliths
1. Tiny granules of sand or other dense objects located in a statocyst that aid equilibrium in many invertebrates.
Vestibular System
The organ of balance in vertebrates, located in the inner ear next to the cochlea.
Otoliths
Granules of calcium carbonate found in the gelatinous substance that embeds hair cells in the vertebrate ear.
Semicircular Canals
Structures of the vertebrate ear that can detect circular motions of the head.
Ampullae
A bulge in the walls of the semicircular canals of the mammalian inner ear; important for sensing circular motions of the head.
Eyecup
An eye in planaria that detects light and its direction but which does not form an image. Also called eyespot.
Compound Eye
Image-forming eyes in arthropods and some annelids consisting of several hundred to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia.
Arthropods & some annelids
Pupil
A small opening in the eye of a vertebrate that transmits different patterns of light emitted from images in the animal's field of view.
Retina
A sheetlike layer of photoreceptors at the back of the vertebrate eye.
Optic Nerves
A structure of the vertebrate eye that carries electrical signals to the brain.
Sclera
The white of the vertebrate eye; a strong outer sheath that in the front is continuous with a thin, clear layer known as the cornea.
Cornea
A thin, clear layer on the front of the vertebrate eye.
Iris
The circle of pigmented smooth muscle and connective tissue that is responsible for eye color.
Aqueous Humor
A thin liquid in the anterior cavity behind the cornea of the vertebrate eye.
Vitreous Humor
A thick liquid in the large posterior cavity of the vertebrate eye, which helps maintain the shape of the eye.
Accomodation
In the vertebrate eye, the process in which contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles adjust the lens according to the angle at which light enters the eye.
Fovea
A small area on the retina directly behind the lens, where an image is most sharply focused.
Optic Disk
In vertebrates, the point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Rods
Photoreceptors found in the vertebrate eye; they are very sensitive to low-intensity light but do not readily discriminate different colors. Rods are utilized mostly at night, and they send signals to the brain that generate a black-and-white visual image.
Cones
Photoreceptors found in the vertebrate eye; they are less sensitive to low levels of light but can detect color.
Outer Segment
The highly convoluted plasma membranes found in the rods and cones of the eye.
Inner Segment
The part of the vertebrate photoreceptors (rods and cones) that contains the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.
Retinal
A derivative of vitamin A that is capable of absorbing light energy; a component of visual pigments in the vertebrate eye.
Opsin
A protein that is a component of visual pigments in the vertebrate eye.
Rhodopsin
The visual pigment in the rods of the vertebrate eye. A type of opsin.
Cone Pigments (photopsins)
The several types of visual pigments found in the cones of the vertebrate eye. A type of opsin.
Color Blindnes
Results from a recessive mutation in 1+ genes encoding the opsins. Genes encoding the red and green opsins are located very close to each other on the X chromosome, while the gene encoding the blue opsin is located on a different chromosome.
Bipolar Cells
Cells in the vertebrate eye that make synapses with photoreceptors and relay responses to the ganglion cells.
Ganglion Cells
Cells in the vertebrate eye that send their axons into the optic nerve.
Binocular Vision (stereoscopic)
A type of vision in animals having two eyes located at the front of the head; the overlapping images coming into both eyes are processed together in the brain to form one perception.
Monocular Vision
A type of vision in animals that have eyes on the sides of the head; the animal sees a wide area at one time, though depth perception is reduced. (fish, amphibians, herbivorous mammals, insects)
Olfaction
The sense of smell.
Chemoreception
Gustation
The sense of taste.
Chemoreception
Glaucoma
A condition in which drainage of aqueous humor in the eye becomes blocked and the pressure inside the eye increases. If untreated, this pressure damages cells in the retina and leads to irreversible loss of vision.
Macular Degeneration
An eye condition in which photoreceptor cells in and around the fovea of the retina are lost; one of the leading causes of blindness in the U.S.
Cataracts
An accumulation of protein in the lens of the eye; causes blurring and poor night vision.
Deafness
Hearing loss, usually caused by damage to the hair cells within the cochlea.