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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The ______ are a pair of bean-shaped, brownish-red structures located retroperitoneally (behind and outside the peritoneal cavity) on the posterior wall of the abdomen—from the twelfth thoracic vertebra to the third lumbar vertebra in the adult
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kidneys
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The Kinney's maintain ______.
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hemostasis
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Chart 43-1: Functions of the Kidney
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A thiazid diuretic drug usually given orally.
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G: hyrochloothiazide; T: HCTZ
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Diuretic Drugs
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An osmotic diuretic drug given in solution for Increasing intercrainal pressure [ICP], and is a ______ solution. When crystals are sited you should ______ ______ ______.
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T: Mannitol; hypertonic; warm vial up
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Diuretic Drugs
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______ is an osmotic diuretic drug given for glaucoma, and taken po.
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Diamox
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Diuretic Drugs
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______ is a potassium-conserving diuretic given po.
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T: Aldactone
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Diuretic Drugs
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______ is a loop diuretic that is given po.
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G: Furosemide T: Lasix
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Diuretic Drugs
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______ and ______ are two diuretic drugs that may be combined because ______ is added to conserve potassium.
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Aldactone or HCTZ, Lasix; Aldactone or HCTZ
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Diuretic Drugs
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The kidneys' main three functions are ______, ______, and ______.
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Drain waste, filter blood, maintain balance of essential chemicals in the body
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The retroperitoneal area is ______, and ______ the ______ cavity.
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behind, outside, peritoneal
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The location of the area relating to a rib and the vertebral columnis is called the ______ area, or (___).
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costovertebral; CVA
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ connects the kidney's to the bladder, and moves contents via ______.
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ureter; peristalsis
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ stores urine and empties the urine via ______.
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bladder; contractions
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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Another name for urination is ______.
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Micturition
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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If a patient is using a foley are they considered to be voiding?
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No
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ contains muscle fibers, is the external urinary sphincter, and is the site to control urination.
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Urethra
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The opening of the urethra is called the ______ ______.
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urinary meatus
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ ______ is the only non-sterile part of the urinary system, so you want to cleanse it off before inserting a foley to prevent UTIs.
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urinary meatus
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ is the filtering system of the kidneys.
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nephron
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ are located inside the cortex, consists of Bowman's capsule, and is the first step in urine production.
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glomerulus
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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When a patient goes into shock you should start looking at ______ output.
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urinary
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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You must maintain ______ ______ in order to have adequate urinary output.
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BP
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ regulates the degree of the concentration of the urine. It is the inner portion of the nephron.
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medulla
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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The ______ reabsorbs water, electrolytes, and glucose, and excretes water, urea, salt, and toxins.
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nephron
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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______ is composed of water, electrolytes, sodium potassium, chloride and bicarbonate.
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Urine
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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______ fluid loss takes place in the skin, respirations, and feces.
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Insensible
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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______ is the major breakdown product of protein metabolism.
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Urea
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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Besides urea, other breakdown products of ______ are creatinine, phosphates, sulfates, and uric acid.
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protein
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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______ and ______ are not normally found in urine.
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Glucose; protein
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Protein molecules are too big to go through the glomeruli
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______ indicates damage to the glomerulus, and kidney pathology is indicated.
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Proteinurea
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Anatomy of the urinary system
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Dilute urine due to diuretics, alcohol consumption, diabetes insipidus, glycosuria, excess fluid intake, renal disease
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Colorless to pale yellow
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Pyuria, infection, vaginal cream
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Yellow to milky white
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Multiple vitamin preparations
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Bright yellow
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Hemoglobin breakdown, red blood cells, gross blood, menses, bladder or prostate surgery, beets, blackberries, medications (phenytoin, rifampin, phenothiazine, cascara, senna products)
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Pink to red
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Dyes, methylene blue, Pseudomonas species organisms, medications (amitriptyline, triamterene, phenylsalicylate)
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Blue, blue green
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Concentrated urine due to dehydration, fever, bile, excess bilirubin or carotene, medications (phenazopyridium HCl, nitrofurantoin, sulfasalazine, docusate calcium, thiamine)
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Orange to amber
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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Old red blood cells, urobilinogen, bilirubin, melanin, porphyrin, extremely concentrated urine due to dehydration, medications (cascara, metronidazole, iron preparations, quinine, senna products, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin)
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Brown to black
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TABLE 43-4 Changes in Urine Color and Possible Causes
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______ ______, also known as vasopressin, is a hormone that is secreted by the posterior portion of the pituitary gland in response to changes in osmolality of the blood. With decreased water intake, blood osmolality tends to increase, stimulating ADH release. ADH then acts on the kidney, increasing reabsorption of water and thereby returning the osmolality of the blood to normal.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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With excess water intake, the secretion of ___ by the pituitary is suppressed; therefore, less water is reabsorbed by the kidney tubule. This situation leads to increased urine volume (diuresis).
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ADH
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A dilute urine with a fixed specific gravity (about 1.010) or fixed osmolality (about 300 mOsm/L) indicates an inability to concentrate and dilute the urine, a common early sign of ______ ______.
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kidney disease
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As little as a ___ to ___ change in the serum osmolarity can cause a conscious desire to drink and conservation of water by the kidneys
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1% to 2%
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The filtrate in the glomerular capillary normally has the same osmolality as the blood, ___ to ___ mOsm/kg.
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275 to 300
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Regulation of the amount of water excreted is an important function of the ______.
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kidney
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Daily ______ measurements are a reliable means of determining overall fluid status.
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weight
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One pound equals approximately ___ mL, so a weight change of as little as ___ lb could suggest an overall fluid gain or loss of 500 mL.
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500; 1
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Of the fluid ingested, approximately 900 mL is lost through the skin and lungs (called ______ loss), 50 mL through sweat, and 200 mL through feces
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insensible
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When the kidneys are functioning normally, the volume of electrolytes excreted per day is ______ to the amount ingested. For example, the average American daily diet contains 6 to 8 g each of sodium chloride (salt) and potassium chloride, and approximately the ______ amounts are excreted in the urine.
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equal; same
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Sodium is the only cation that exerts significant osmotic pressure; where sodium goes, water quickly follows. Therefore, sodium is inseparably linked to both blood ______ and blood ______.
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volume; pressure
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The kidneys are responsible for regulating ______ loss, and approximately 90% of the sodium contained in the renal filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and loops of Henle
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electrolyte
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As water from the filtrate follows the reabsorbed sodium, the body's osmotic balance is maintained. If more sodium is excreted than ingested, ______ results; if less sodium is excreted than ingested, fluid ______ results.
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dehydration; retention
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The regulation of sodium volume excreted depends on ______, a hormone synthesized and released from the adrenal cortex. With increased ______ in the blood, less sodium is excreted in the urine, because ______ fosters renal reabsorption of sodium.
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aldosterone
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______ is the most abundant intracellular ion; about 98% of the total body potassium is located intracellularly. To maintain a normal serum potassium balance (see Chapter 14), the kidneys are responsible for excreting more than __% of the total daily potassium intake.
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Potassium; 90
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Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete ______.
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potassium
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Retention of ______ is the most life-threatening effect of renal failure.
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potassium
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The normal serum pH is about ___ to ___ and must be maintained within this narrow range for optimal physiologic
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7.35 to 7.45
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The kidney performs two major functions to assist in pH balance. The first is to reabsorb and return to the body's circulation any ______ from the urinary filtrate; the second is to excrete ______ in the urine.
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bicarbonate; acid
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Stimuli for renin secretion are decreased ______ perfusion pressure and/or decreased salt delivery to ______ tubules. Examples are hemorrhage, heart failure, cirrhosis, loop diurretics, and decreased salt intake.
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renal; kidney
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The body's ______ production is the result of catabolism, or breakdown, of proteins, which produces acid compounds, in particular phosphoric and sulfuric acids.
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acid
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