Ch. 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange

Front 1

What are the major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities? Why don't these organisms need a circulatory system?

Back 1

Cnidarians and Planarians. They do not need a circulatory system b/c of their simple body plan.

Front 2

Distinguish between an open and closed circulatory system.

Back 2

In an open circulatory system, the blood bathes the organs directly.
In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstital fluid.

Front 3

Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation of hemolymph.

Back 3

When the heart contracts, it pumps hemolymph through vessels out into sinuses. When the heart relaxes, it draws hemolymph into the circulatory system pores called ostia.

Front 4

Explain how hemolymph differs from mammalian blood.

Back 4

Hemolymph differs to mammalian blood in that there is no distinction between blood and interstital fluid.

Front 5

Humans & other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system often called what?

Back 5

Cardiovascular system

Front 6

The vertebrate heart has 1 or 2 atria(atrium), what is the atrium?

Back 6

The atria are chambers that recieve blood returning to the heart.

Front 7

The vertebrate heart also has 1 or 2 ventricles, which are what?

Back 7

The ventricles are the chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

Front 8

What are the 3 main kinds of blood vessels? What do they do?

Back 8

1)Arteries-carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
2)Arterioles-within organs, arteries branch into these small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries.
3)Capillaries-microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls.

Front 9

What carries blood from the heart toward capillaries?

Back 9

Arteries

Front 10

What returns blood to the heart from capillaries?

Back 10

Veins

Front 11

What is an important factor in the evolution of cardiovascular systems?

Back 11

Metabolic rate

Front 12

What difference does an animal with a higher metabolic rate have with one with a lower metabolic rate.

Back 12

Animals with a higher metabolic rate have more complex circulatory systems and more powerful hearts.

Front 13

What is it called when blood is pumped from the ventricle and travels firts to the gills?

Back 13

Gill circulation

Front 14

What is it called when the gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to capillary beds throughout all other parts of the body?

Back 14

Systemic circulation

Front 15

What Circuit leads to capillaries in the gas exchange organs(the lungs & skin in a frog)?

Back 15

Pulmocutaneous circuit

Front 16

Where is most of the returning oxygen-rich blood pumped into?

Back 16

Systenuc circuit

Front 17

What provides a vigorous flow of blood to the brain, muscles,& other organs b/c the blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the capillary beds of the lungs or skin.

Back 17

Double circulation

Front 18

Reptiles have double circulation with what 2 circuits?

Back 18

Pulmonary & systemic

Front 19

True or False
In all mammals and birds, the ventricle is completely divided into seperate right and left chambers.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Mammals & birds have how many chambers in their heart?

Back 20

Four

Front 21

Which side of the mammal & bird hearts receives and pumps only oxygen-rich blood?

Back 21

The left side.

Front 22

What does the right side of the mammal & bird heart recieve and pump?

Back 22

Oxygen-poor blood

Front 23

Compare & contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, & birds.

Back 23

Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, mammals, & birds all have a systemic circuit, atrium, & ventricle.
Fishes are the only ones that have a 2 chambered heart, 1 atrium, & a single circuit of blood flow.
Amphibians are the only ones that have the pulmocutaneous circuit.
Reptiles are the only ones that have a right systemic aorta, and the ventricle partially divided by a septum.
Mammals & birds are the only ones that that ventricle is completely divided into seperate right & left chambers.

Front 24

Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits, explain the function of each, & describe the advantages of double circulation over a single circuit.

Back 24

A pulmonary circuit is where double circulation is done in reptiles. Returning oxygen-rich blood is pumped into the systemic circuit.
Double circulation has an advantage over a single circuit in that it has a more vigorous flow of blood to the brain, muscles, & other organs.

Front 25

What is the first step with the pulmonary circuit?

Back 25

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the capillary beds in the left & right lungs via pulmonary arteries.

Front 26

What is the next step after the blood has been pumped through the lumgs?

Back 26

Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart.

Front 27

What is the next step after the oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium of the heart?

Back 27

The oxygen-rich blood flows into the left ventricle as the ventricle opens and the atrium contracts.The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta to body tissues through the systemic circuit.

Front 28

What is the next step after the blood flows through the capillaries of the limbs & organs?

Back 28

Oxygen-poor blood from the head,neck,& forelimbs is channeled into a large vein called the anterior vena cava.
Another large vein called the posterior vena cava drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs.

Front 29

What is the next step after the oxygen-poor blood flows through the anterior & posterior vena cava?

Back 29

The 2 venae cavae empty their blood into the right atrium, from which the oxygen-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.

Front 30

What is the cardiac cycle? How is it controlled?

Back 30

One complete sequence of pumping and filling.The heart contracts(systole)and relaxes(diastole)in a rhythmic cycle. When it contracts, it pumps blood; when it relaxes, its chambers fill with blood.

Front 31

Describe the composition of mammalian lymph.

Back 31

The composition of lymph is about the same as that of interstitial fluid.

Front 32

How does the lymphatic system help the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Back 32

The lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system by defending against infection, maintaining the volume of protein concentration in the blood, & transports fats from the digestive tract to the circulatory system.

Front 33

How does the lymphatic system help defend the body against infection?

Back 33

The lymphatic system has organs called lymph nodes that filter the lymph and attack viruses & bacteria.

Front 34

List the components of mammalian blood.

Back 34

1)Nutrients(glucose,fatty acids,vitamins)
2)Metabolic wastes
3)Respiratory gases(O2&CO2)&
hormones

Hint 34

Plasma's substances

Front 35

What is not very permeable to proteins?

Back 35

Capillary walls

Front 36

What are the 3 cellular elements? What are their functions?

Back 36

1)Erythrocytes(red blood cells)-transport oxygen,lack mitochondria,nuclei,& generate their own ATP by anaerobic metabolism.
2)Leukocytes(white blood cells)-fight infections
3)Platelets-fragments of cells in the bone marrow that are involved in the process of blood clotting after entering the blood.

Hint 36

Leukocytes:monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,& lymphocytes.

Front 37

What are low-density lipoproteins(LDLs)?

Back 37

Growths that develop on the inner walls of arteries.

Hint 37

"Bad cholesterol"

Front 38

What are high-density lipoproteins(HDLs)?

Back 38

Appears to reduce the deposition of cholesterol.

Hint 38

"Good cholesterol"

Front 39

What is the cardiovascular disease that can cause plaque to form and narrows arteries?

Back 39

Atherosclerosis

Front 40

What does hypertension promote?

Back 40

Promotes Atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Hint 40

"high blood pressure"

Front 41

What is a heart attack?
What are the factors that increase the risk of suffering from a heart attack?

Back 41

A heart attack is the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Factors that increase the risk of suffering from a heart attack is physical or emotional stress.

Front 42

What is a stroke?
What are the factors that increase the risk of suffering from a stroke?

Back 42

A stroke is the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
Factors that increase the risck of suffering from a stroke is physical or emotional stress.

Front 43

What is the part of an animal's body where gases are exchanged with the surrounding environment?

Back 43

Respiratory surface

Front 44

What are the general requiremnets for a respiratory surface? List the variety of respiratory organs adapted for this purpose.

Back 44

Respiratory surfaces tend to be thin and have a large surface area & all living cells must be bathed in water to maintain their plasma membranes.
Gills
tracheae &
lungs

Front 45

Describe the respitory adaptations of aquatic animals and why counter current exchange is an efficient process for gas exchange in an aquatic medium.

Back 45

Respitory adaptations of aquatic animals are gills and ventilation.
Counter current exchange is an efficient process b/c along the entire length of the capillary, there is a diffusion gradient favoring the transfer of O2 from water to blood. This way the gills are able to remove more than 80% of the O2 dissolved in the water passin over the respitory surface.

Front 46

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium.

Back 46

Advantages-higher concentration of oxygen& less energy is needed.
Disadvantages-the respiratory surface continuously loses water to the air by evaporation.

Front 47

Explain how insects $ terrestrial vertebrates are adapted to deal with the disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium.

Back 47

Insects have a tracheal system and terrestrial vertebrates have lungs.