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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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autotroph
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make their own food
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heterotroph
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dependent on a regular supply of food
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herbivore
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eat plants
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carnivore
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eat meat
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omnivore
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eat both plants and meat
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adequate diet:
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Fuel for all cellular work, Organic raw materials for biosynthesis (carbon skeletons), Essential nutrients, substances that the animal cannot make for itself
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suspension feeders
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sift small food particles from the water
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substrate feeder
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live in or on their food source
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deposit feeders
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salvage partially decayed organic material consumed along with soil
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fluid feeders
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suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host
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excess calories
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glycogen in the liver and muscles, and as fat
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undernourishment
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calorie deficient
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apetite
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regulated by hormones that affect the "satiety center" in the brain
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malnourishment
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nutrient deficient
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amino acids
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Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in diet; remaining essential amino acids must be obtained from food in preassembled form
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malnutrition
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protein deficiency
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essential fatty acids
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Animals can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need. essential fatty acids are certain unsaturated fatty acids
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vitamins
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organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts (13 essentials)
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water soluble vitamins
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B1, B2, niacin, B6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, B12, biotin, and vitamin c
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fat soluble vitamins
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vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
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minerals
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simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts
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digestive compartments
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reduce risk of self digestion
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intracellular digestion
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food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles
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extracellular digestion
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breakdown of food particle outside of cell
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gastrovascular cavity
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animals with simple body plans use this for both digestion and distribution of nutrients
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alimentary canal
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2 openings, step-wise digestion
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accessory glands
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pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and salivary glands
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enzymatic hydrolysis
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breaking bonds with enzymatic addition of water to break down food
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salivary amylase
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hydrolyzes starch and glycogen
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pharynx
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throat--leads to esophagus and wind pipe
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epiglottis/glottis
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glottis=windpipe/ epiglottis=covers it when food is being swallowed
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esophagus
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moves food from pharynx to stomach
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gastric juice
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secreted by stomach, kills bacteria and dissolves extracellular matrix of meat. made of hydrochloric acid and pepsin
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pepsin
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begins hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides
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pepsinogen
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specialized cells in gastric pits that synthesize and secrete pepsin in an inactive form. activated by hydrocholoric acid
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acid chyme
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nutrient broth that began as food
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pyloric sphincter
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opening of stomach to small intestine, regulates passage of chyme
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duedenum
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place where small intestine is connected to gall bladder, liver and pancreas. chyme mixes with digestive juices from glands
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proteases: trypsin, chymortrypsin
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protein digesting enzymes made from pancreas
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amalayze 2
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polysaccharides into smaller polys and maltose
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pancreatic amylase
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polysacc to maltose and other dissachs
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disaccharidases
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dissachs to monosachs
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aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase
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smaller polypeptides into amino acids
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dipeptidase
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small peptides into amino acids
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nucleases
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dna/rna into nucleotides
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bile salts
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fat globules into fat droplets
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lipase
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fat droplets into glycerol, fatty acids, glycerides
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nucleotidases
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nucleosides into nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates
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cardiac orifice
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opening of esophagus to stomach
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trachea
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windpipe
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ulcers
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lesions in the lining caused by helicobacter pylori
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villus
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each has a network of blood vessels and a small lymphatic vessel called a lacteal
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chylomicrons
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After glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed by epithelial cells, they are recombined into fats within these cells and mixed with cholesterol and coated with protein. there molecules are transported into lacteals
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large intestine (colon)
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recover water. houses e. coli which produces some vitamins
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fermentation chambers
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symbiotic microorganisms digest cellulose
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ruminants
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have a stomach with four complete cavities (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum), through which the food passes in digestion. chew cud of partially digested material
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