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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Internal environment |
The cells of multicellular animals exist within an internal environment of extracellular fluid a human for example is about 60% water two thirds of that water is contained within cells and one-third makes up the ECF this is our internal environment |
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Internal environment |
The cells of multicellular animals exist within an internal environment of extracellular fluid a human for example is about 60% water two thirds of that water is contained within cells, and one-third makes up the internal enviorment |
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Internal enviorment |
The cells of multicellular animals exist within an internal environment of extracellular fluid a human for example is 60% water two thirds of that water is contained within cells and one-third Knights of the ECF this is our internal environment |
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Interstitial flud |
About 20% of the extracellular fluid or three liters is the blood plasma that circulates in your blood vessels the rest about 11 liters is the interstitial fluid that bathes every cell of the body |
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Homeostasis |
The composition of the internal environment is constantly being challenged by the external environment and by the metabolic activity of the cells of the body. The maintenance of stable conditions within a narrow range is the internal environment called homeostasis |
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Set point |
To regulate the speed of your car you have to know both how fast you are going and how fast you want to go the desired speed it is a set point |
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Feedback information |
Once you know your set point or reference point the reading on your speedometer is the feedback information |
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Error signal |
Any difference between the setpoint and the feedback information is an error signal error signal suggest corrective actions such as stepping on the accelerator or brake |
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Effector |
Some components of physiological systems are called effectors because the effect changes in the internal environment |
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Regulatory systems |
Because their activities are controlled by commands from regulatory systems regulatory systems and contrast obtain processes and integrate information then issue Commands to control systems |
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Controlled systems |
Because the effect changes in the internal environment effectors are controlled systems because their activities are controlled by commands from regulatory systems |
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Sensores |
Important components of any regulatory systems are the sensors that provide the feedback information to be compared with the internal set point how is information from the sensors used |
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Negative feedback |
Is the most common use of sensory information and Regulatory systems negative feedback information is used to counteract the influence that created error signal whatever force is pushing the system away from its set point must be negated and our car and algae the recognition that you are going to fast is negative feedback that causes you to release accelerator and press the brake |
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Positive feedback |
Is also seen in physical systems rather than returning a system to a set point positive feedback and provide a response examples of regulatory systems that use positive feedback on the responses an empty body of activities such as urination and defecation another example is sexual behavior in which a little stimulation causes more Behavior which causes more stimulation and so on and example of childbirth |
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Feed-forward information |
Is another feature of regulatory systems the function of feed will forward information is to change the setpoint seeing a deer in the road when you are driving in his example of feed-forward information this information takes precedence over the posted speed limit and you slow down before the start of a race here in the command on your mark |
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Tissues |
HP The Logical system is composed of discrete organs such as the liver heart lungs and kidneys these organs are made up of assemblages of cells known as tissues although there are many specialized types there only four kinds of tissues epithelial muscle connective and nervous tissues |
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Epithelial tissue |
Epithelial tissues are sheets of densely packed tight connected epithelial cells epithelial cells create boundaries between the inside and the outside of the body and between body compartments they line the blood vessels and make up various ducts and tubules |
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Muscle tissue |
Consists of elongated cells that contract to generate forces and cause movement muscle tissues are the most abundant tissue in the world and they are most of the energy produced in the body all muscle cells contain long protein polymers called acetone and myosin which interact to cause muscle cells to contract and exert Force |
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Skeletal muscle |
So named because they're mostly attached to bones and are responsible for Locomotion and other body movements such as facial expressions shivering and breathing |
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Cardiac muscle |
Makes up the heart and is responsible for the beating of the heart and the pumping of blood individual cardiac muscle cells are branched and the internal weaving of these branches give muscle structure strength |
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Smooth muscle |
is responsible for involuntary generation of forces and in many Hollow internal organs such as the gut blood vessels and bladder |
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Connective tissue |
In contrast densely packed epithelial cells and muscle tissue connective tissues are generally dispersed populations of cells embedded in an extracellular Matrix that they secrete the composition and properties of the Matrix different types of connective tissue |
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Organ |
Includes more than one kind of tissue in most organs include all 4 |
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Nervous tissue |
The two basic cell types is nervous tissue and neurons and glial cells neurons come in many shapes and sizes and all neurons encode information as electrical signals. These signals can travel over long extensions called axons to communicate with other neurons muscle cells or secretory cells through the release of chemicals called neutral transmitters neuron controls the activities of most organ systems glial cells do not generate or conduct electrical signals but they provide a variety of supporting functions for neurons there are more glial cells than neurons in the nervous system |
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Organ system |
An individual organisms usually part of the organ system a group of organs that work together to carry out certain functions |
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Q10 |
Q10 is a measure of temperature sensitivity in terms of cute and a factor calculated by dividing the rights of a process or reaction at a certain temperature RT by that right temperature 10 degrees Celsius lower AR 10t to the 10th Q 10 equals RT / RT - 10 |
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Ectotherms |
Ectotherms or animals whose body temperatures are determined primarily by external sources of heat |
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Endotherms |
Can regulate their body temperature by producing heat metabolically or by using active mechanisims of heat loss |
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Heterotherm |
Is an animal that behaves sometimes as an endotherm and other times as an ectotherm for example a mammal that hibernates is a perfect and they're thrown over the summer but during the winter it has bouts of hibernation during which its internal heat production Falls and it behaves much like an ectotherm |
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Radiation |
Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of infrared radiation what you feel when you stand in front of a fire |
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Convection |
Heat transfers to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that Medium flows over a surface |
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Conduction |
Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temperatures come in contact think of putting an ice pack on a sprained ankle |
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Evaporation |
Heat transfers away from the surface when water evaporates on the surface the effect of sweating |
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Energy budget |
The total balance of heat production and heat exchange can be expressed as an energy budget based on the simple fact that if the body temperature of an animal is to remain constant the heat entering the animal must equal the heat leaving it |
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Counter-current heat exchanger |
Because he does exchange between blood vessels carrying blood in opposite directions this adoption is called counter-current heat exchange it keeps the heat within the muscle mass and they believe needs fish to have an internal body temperature considerably higher than the water temperature |
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Thermal neutral zone |
Within a narrow range of environmental temperature is called the Thermo neutral Zone The metabolic rate of endotherms is low and independent of temperature the metabolic rate of resting animal a temperature within the thermonuclear zone is known as the basal metabolic rate or BMR |
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Brown fat |
Most non shivering heat production occurs in a specialized adipose tissue called Brown fat this too she looks Brown because of its abundant mitochondria and rich blood supply and brown fat cells a protein called thermogenin on couples proton movement from ATP production allowing protons to leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than having to pass through the ATP synthase and generate ATP |
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Hypothalamus |
The major thermoregulatory integrative Center of animals is at the bottom of the brain in a structure called the hypothalamus |
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Pyrogen |
Fever is an Adaptive response that helps the body fight pathogens a fever is there is a rise in body temperature in response to molecules called pryogens |
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Hypothermia |
Is a below normal body temperature it can result from starvation and lack of metabolic fuel exposure to extreme cold or serious illness in each case the drop in body temperature is unregulated however many birds and mammals undergrove regulated drops in body temperature to survive periods of cold and food scarcity as an adoption known as regulated hypothermia |
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Daily torpor |
This adaptive hyperthermia is called daily torpor birds have it |
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Hibernation |
Regulated hypothermia that last for days or even weeks the butt with the body temperature falling close to the ambient temperature is called hibernation |
