Ch 40, 41 Mcgraw Hill & Ch 22 A&p

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Each testis is surrounded by a tough, whitish membrane called the

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tunica albuginea

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The gonads of men are called

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testes

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The essential organs of reproduction in men and women are called the

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gonads

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Male sex cells

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spermatozoa

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sex or reproductived cells are called

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gametes

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Female gametes

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ovum

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male gametes

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sperm

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when sperm and ovum fuse the new offspring cell that results is called the

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zygote

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lobules in the testis are devided by what

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septums

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in the testes each lobule consist of a narrow but long and coiled structure called

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seminiferous tubules

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forms the bulk of testicular tissue mass

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seminiferous tubules

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small endocrine cells lying near the septa that separate the lobules in the testes

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interstitial cells

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cells that secrete testosterone in the male

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interstitial cells

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Male hormones

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Testosterone

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Female Hormones

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Estrogen and Progesterone

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The testes prepare for sperm production before puberty by increasing the numbers of sperm precursor (stem) cells called

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spermatogonia

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sperm production is called

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spermatogenisis

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where are spermatogonia located

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near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule

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The testes prepare for sperm production before puberty by increasing the numbers of sperm precursor (stem) cells called

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spermatogonia

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sperm production is called

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spermatogenisis

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which hormone stimulateds spermatogenesis

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FSH

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where are spermatogonia located

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near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule

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head of sperm contain which parts

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acrosome, and nucleus

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midpiece of sperm contain what

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mitochondria

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parts of sperm

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head, midpiece, tail

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a caplike structure containing enzymes that enable the sperm to break down the covering of the ovum and permit entry if contact occurs

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acrosome

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head of sperm contain which parts

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acrosome, and nucleus

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midpiece of sperm contain what

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mitochondria

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hypospadias

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the opening of the urethral meatus on the underside of the glans or penile shaft

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disruption of the sperm-producing function of the seminiferous tubules can result in decreased sperm production, a condition called

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oligospermia

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the masculinizing and anabolic hormone

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testosterone

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sperm precursor cells former prepuberty

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spermatogonia

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it promotes and maintains the development of the male accessory organs (prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and so on)

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Testosterone

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path sperm take to exit body

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seminiferous tubules
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
ejaculatory duct
and the urethra

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pouch like glands that contribute about 60% of the seminal fluid.

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seminal vesicles

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Their secretions are yellowis, thick, and rich in fructose

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seminal vesicles

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What causes ED

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medical problems related to abnormal vascular or neural control of penile blood flow.

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How do drugs like Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis work

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They increase blood flow to the spongy cavernous tissue of the penis causing it to stiffen and become erect

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women are born with approx. 1 million of these

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ovarian follicles

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ovarian follicles contain what

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oocytes

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immarture stage of femaile sex cell

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ovarian follicles

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further development of the ovarian follicle results in approx 400,000 of these

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primary folllicles

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These follicles have a layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte

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primary follicles

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The sac containing a mature ovum is called a

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graafian follicle

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The process of the mature follicle that releases an ovum for potential fertilization

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ovulation

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after ovulation the ruptured follicle is transformed into a hormone-secreting glandular structure called the

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corpus luteum

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How does oogenisis differ from spermatogenisis

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as a result of meiosis in the female sex cell, the number of chromosomes is reduced equally in each daughter cell to half, however, the amount of cytoplasm is divided unequally, resulting in one large ovum and one small daughter cell called a polar body that degenerates

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Where is FSH secreted

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anterior pituitary gland

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A high blood concentration of FSH stimulates what to occur

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several immature ovarian follicles to start growing and secreting estrogens

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As estrogen content of blood increases what does it stimulate

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stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete another hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH)

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what does LH cause to happen

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maturing of a follicle and its ovum, ovulation, and luteinization (formation of a yellow body, the corpus luteum, from the ruptured follicle)

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where is LH secreted

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anterior pituitary gland

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which hormone is the "ovulating hormone"

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LH

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Can ovulation occur if blood concentration of FSH remaines low throughout the menstrul cycle

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no, with a low level of FSH, no follicles start to grow, and therefore none become ripe enought to ovulate.

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Sex hormone that causes development and maintenance of femaile secondary sex characteristics and stimulates growht of epithelial cells lining the uterus

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Estrogen

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Hormone produced by corpus luteum

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Progesterone

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stimulates proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty

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Progesterone

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The outer end of each fallopian tube terminates in an expanded, funnel-shaped structure that has fringelike projections called

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Finbriae

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Days 1-5 of menstual cycle

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Menses

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what occurs during menses

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small patches of dead cells of uterine lining slough off, leaving torn blood vessels; menstrual bleeding comes from these torn vessels

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Days 6-13 of menstrual cycle

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Proliferative phase

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what occurs during proliferative phase

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epithelial cells reproduce, repairing uterine lining

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Day 14 of menstrual cycle

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ovulation occurs

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what occurs during ovulation

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ovum is released from ovary and moves into uterine tube for possible fertilization

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Days 15-28 of menstrual cycle

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Secretory phase

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what occurs during secretory phase

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uterine lining prepares for pregnancy (implantation) by growing thicker, secreting, and developing greater blood supply; on last day, blood supply decreases greatly, causing some lining cells to die.

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menstrual cramps are called

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dysmenorrhea

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what causes primary dysmenorrhea

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overproduction of prostaglandins in the inner lining of the uterus causing spasms that decrease blood flow and oxygen delivery to uterine muscle resulting in pain.

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refers to menstrual-related pain caused by some type of plevic pathology. Generally a gynecological problem

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secondary dysmenorrhea

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The absence of normal menstruation

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Amenorrhea

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occurs when a woman who has previously menstruated slows to three or fewer cycles per year.

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secondary amenorrhea

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The presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually found in or on pelvic and abdominal organs

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Endometriosis

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symptoms of endometriosis may include

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unusual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and pain during intercourse

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two pair of exocrine glands lie imbedded in tissue to the left and right of the vaginal outlet and release mucus into the vestibule of the vulva

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greater vestibular (bartholin) glands and the lesser vestibular glands

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the three separate columns of erectile tissue in its shaft comprised of

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one corpus spongiosum which surrounds the urethra, and two corpora cavernos which lie above the urethra

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spongey erectile tissue that lies above the urethra

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corpus cavernosum

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glands that add to seminal fluid

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two seminal vesicles, one prostate gland, and two bulbourethral (cowpar) glands

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Pouch like glands that add 60% of seminal fluid volume. Secretion is yellow, thick, and rich in fructose to provide source of energy for sperm

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Seminal vesicles

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lies below the baldder and shaped like a doughnut. secretes a thin, milk-colored fluid that constitutes about 30% of seminal fluid that helps to activate the sperm and maintain their motility.

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Prostate gland

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Glands that resemble peas, located just below the prostate gland and secrete mucus-like secretions that lubricate the terminal portion of the urethra to decrease friction damage to sperm. 5% of seminal fluid

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Bulbourethral glands
or
Cowper glands

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This condition is caused by rotation of the ovary due to cyst formation

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Ovarian Torsion
or
Torsion of the adnexa (fallopian tube, ovary

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S/S of ovarian torsion

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nausea and vomiting
unilateral abd tenderness or rigidity
diarrhea
constipation
dizziness and
low grade fever

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any female pt. of potentially childbearing age complaining of abd pain should be presumed to have _______ until proven otherwise

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ectopic pregnancy

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has a maternal death rate of 10% and is commonly diagnosed in the 1st trimester

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ectopic pregnancy

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most commonly identified risk factor during 2nd trimester and complicates 10% of all pregnancies

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high blood pressure

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BP > 140/90 diagnosed on two or more occasions at least six hours apart during pregnancy

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Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

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if PIH is accompanied by edema or an increased excretion of proteins in the urine it is defined as

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preeclampsia or toxemia

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what defines start and finish of 1st stage of labor

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non braxton hicks contractions start it. cervix progresses from 0 to 10 cm. contractions increase in intensity and become more frequent

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0 to 4 cm cervical dilation

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early labor

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4 to 10 cm cervical dilation

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active labor

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what defines 2nd stage of labor

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cervix is completley dialted
and the baby moves down into the birth canal with crowning visualized. ends with birth of baby

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what defines 3rd stage of labor

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begins from the time of birth of the baby and ends with complete birth of placenta

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going from 8 to 10 cm dialation in 1st stage of labor is known as

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the transition phase

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risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

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Hx of repeated PID
ovarian cysts, or
previous ectopic pregnancies

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pregnant with HTN, edema, and increased protein in urine

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pre-eclampsia

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term reserved for pregnant pt. with severe preeclampsia and are actively seizing or in a coma

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eclampsia

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when amniotic fluid enters the maternal circulation, usually during labor or birth

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amniotic fluid embolism (afe)

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how will women react with amniotic embolie

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with catastrophic physical reactions similar to those seen in anaphylaxis and sepsis. Pt. may experience a devastating drop in bp and decreased cardiac function.

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the most common infection of the female reporductive tract

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candidiasis
yeast infection

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infections of female reporductive tract can include

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bacterial vaginosis
gardnerella
syphilis
gonorrhea
chlamydia
herpes
condyloma
hpv
molluscum contagiosum and
trichomonas vaginalis

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term used to describe a spectrum of infections in the female upper reproductive tract

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PID

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nausea and vomiting per the book can last how long

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sometime after 6 weeks and usually lasts until about 13 weeks although it can continue throughout the pregnancy

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what is used for umbilical canulation in a new born

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5 french

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what is primary apnea

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A newborns futile attempt to compensate when fatigued. will manifest as a period of rapid respirations followed by a period of apnea with no change in heart rate or BP

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how is primary apnea treated

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through stimulation activities such as tapping the feet, drying with warm towels, or gently rubbing the back.

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what is secondary apnea

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primary apnea degrades to this. the infant ceases to breath and there is a considerable drop in both heart rate and bp

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how is secondary apnea treated

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simple stimulation will not correct it. requires assisted ventilations with bvm and suplemental O2. blow by O2 may be required once infant can sustain a RR of 30 to 60

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an infant who has just delivered from the mothers body

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newborn

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term used to describe the infant while it is still living inside the uterus of the mother

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Fetus

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child born less than 37 weeks

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premature newborn

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term used for any infant during the hospitalization phase immediately following birth and as long as it remains in the hospital up to 30 days

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neonate

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This term identifies infants specifically at the time of birth. (once the resuscitation phase is complete this term is no longer used

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newly born

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term for a chld from the time of birth to its first birthday

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infant