Ch 4 - Tour Of The Cell

Front 1

Light Microscope (LM)

Back 1

optical instrument with lenses that reflect (bend) vesicle light to magnify images to project them to a viewer's eye or photographic film.

Front 2

Magnification

Back 2

increases in object's apparent size compound to optical size.

Front 3

Resolving Power

Back 3

the ability of an optical instrument to show the object's as separate.

- The human unaided eye can resolve points as close together 0.1 millimeter (example: a grain of sand.)

- Light microscope resolving power approx: 0.2 micrometer. (example: bacterial cell)

Front 4

Cell Theory - Disproved spontaneous generation

Back 4

All living things are composed of cells and cells come from other cells.

Front 5

Electron Microscope (EM)

Back 5

uses beam of electrons to resolve objects.

- much better resolving power than light microscope.

Front 6

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Back 6

used to study the detailed architecture of cell surface.

Front 7

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Back 7

useful for exploring the internal structure of a cell. Distinguish objects as small as 0.2 nano-meter.

Front 8

2 Types of Cells

Back 8

Prokaryotic (Prokaryotes)

Eukaryotic (Eukaryotes)

Front 9

Describe Prokaryotes

Back 9

-Smaller

-Simpler Structures

-No Nucleus - Has Nucleoid

Front 10

Which is older, Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

Back 10

Prokaryotes (fossils proven)

Front 11

Describe Eukaryotes

Back 11

-Larger

-Complex

-Has Organelles

-Has Nucleus

Front 12

Eukaryotic Cells Kingdoms

Back 12

- Animals

- Plants

- Protists

- Fungi

Front 13

Cytoplasm

Back 13

The entry region of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane.

Front 14

Organelles

Back 14

"Little Region"

- Membrane enclosed structure that perform specific functions.

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

The genetic control center of the eukaryotic cells.

Front 16

Chloroplasts

Back 16

(Only in plant cells)

Organelles that convert light in the chemical energy for food.

Front 17

Cell Wall

Back 17

(Only in plant cells)

protective cell wall outside plasma membrane

Front 18

3 Functions of cell wall?

Back 18

1) Protect cells

2) Maintain it's shape

3) Keep cells from absorbing too much water before they burst.

Front 19

Plasma Membrane

Back 19

-(thin) layer of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.

Front 20

Phospholipid

Back 20

a bi-layer of membranes having hydrophobic head and hydrophobic tail.

Front 21

Extracellular Matrix

Back 21

A substance in which the cell of the animal tissues are embedded; consists of proteins and polysaccharides.

Front 22

Cell Junction

Back 22

A structure that connects animal cells to one another in a tissue.

Front 23

Nuclear Envelope

Back 23

A double membrane that borders the nucleus.

- The envelope allows materials to pass between the nucleus an cytoplasm.

Front 24

Chromatin (make up chromosomes)

Back 24

- Fibers formed by long DNA molecules and proteins within the nucleus.

Front 25

Chromosomes (made of chromatin)

Back 25

- Thread-like DNA molecules, main gene carrying structure.

Front 26

Nucleolous

Back 26

Structure within the nucleus where ribosomes are made.

Front 27

Ribosomes

Back 27

- Tiny structures that build proteins according to instructions from DNA.

- Transported through pores through nucleus into cytoplasm carried it throughout the cell.

- Responsible for protein synthesis

Front 28

3 steps how DNA directs protein production

Back 28

1) DNA is transferred into mRNA

2) RNA exits through nucleus pore (out)

3) Ribosomes read mRNA and translates it into protein with specific sequence of amino acids.

Front 29

List the Endomembrane System

Back 29

- Rough ER

- Smooth ER

- Golgi Apparatus

- Lysosomes

- Vacuoles

Front 30

Rough Endoplasmic Retriculum

Back 30

- Produces new membranes

- Manufacture proteins and produce secretory proteins.

- Transport vesicles (membrane sacs), bud off and are dispatched to other parts of the cell.

Front 31

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 31

- Produces lipids, including steroids.

- Helps liver detoxify circulating drugs.

- More substance consume (alcohol), higher tolerance build.

- Uses Smooth ER more and can reverse for better.

- Lacks surface ribosomes.

Front 32

Golgi Apparatus

Back 32

- Receives vesicles from Rough ER

- Refines and Restores

- Ships (delivers) to plasma membrane or throughout cell to other organelles.

Front 33

Lysosomes (found in animal cells)

Back 33

- Sacs of digestive enzymes

- Develops from vesicles that bud off from Golgi Apparatus.

- merge with food vacuoles to break down and digest macro-molecules correctly.

- also engulf vesicles with damaged organelles, breaks it down and releases parts that can still be used.

Front 34

Vacuoles

Back 34

membrane that buds from ER, Golgi Apparatus, or plasma membrane.

Front 35

2 Types of vacuoles

Back 35

- Contractile

- Central

Front 36

Central Vacuoles

Back 36

- Store organic nutrients

- Absorbing water

- Contains pigment and poisons for protection

Front 37

Chloroplast

Back 37

- Photosynthetic cells of plants and algae that performs photosynthesis.

Front 38

Stoma

Back 38

- Bi-layer of membranes

Front 39

Grana

Back 39

- Interconnected stacks of disks that are chloroplasts solar power packs, that traps light energy tad convert it into chemical energy.