Ch 4 Study Guide

Front 1

functions of bones

Back 1

support, protection, movement, storage of minerals,and production of blood

Front 2

periosteum

Back 2

outermost covering of bone

Front 3

epiphysis

Back 3

end of a long bone

Front 4

diaphysis

Back 4

shaft/main part of bone

Front 5

bone marrow

Back 5

production of red blood cells

Front 6

foramen

Back 6

opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Front 7

how many bones in human skeleton?

Back 7

206

Front 8

zygomatic

Back 8

cheekbone

Front 9

maxillary

Back 9

upper jaw bone

Front 10

mandible

Back 10

lower jaw bone

Front 11

How many pairs of ribs?

Back 11

12 pairs

Front 12

true ribs

Back 12

1-7 attached in front to sternum

Front 13

false ribs

Back 13

8-10 attached to cartilage that joins with sternum (7th rib)

Front 14

floating ribs

Back 14

11-12 not attached in front

Front 15

sternum

Back 15

breastbone

Front 16

manubrium

Back 16

upper portion of the sternum

Front 17

xiphoid

Back 17

lower portion of the sternum

Front 18

clavicle

Back 18

collarbone

Front 19

scapula

Back 19

shoulder blade

Front 20

acromion

Back 20

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder (tip of shoulder)

Front 21

humerus

Back 21

upper arm

Front 22

radius

Back 22

thumb side of the forearm (lower arm bone)

Front 23

ulna

Back 23

little finger side of the forearm (lower arm bone)

Front 24

olecranon process

Back 24

elbow

Front 25

carpals

Back 25

wrist

Front 26

metacarpals

Back 26

hands

Front 27

phalanges

Back 27

fingers

Front 28

fingers

Back 28

distal, medial, proximal(nearest hand)

Front 29

thumb

Back 29

distal, proximal

Front 30

acetabulum

Back 30

hip socket

Front 31

femur

Back 31

upper leg bone

Front 32

trochanter

Back 32

one of the two large bony projections on the upper end of the femur

Front 33

patella

Back 33

kneecap

Front 34

popliteal

Back 34

back of knee

Front 35

tibia

Back 35

shin bone - larger bone of lower leg

Front 36

fibula

Back 36

smaller bone of lower leg

Front 37

tarsals

Back 37

ankle

Front 38

malleolus

Back 38

rounded bony protrusion on each side of the ankle (medial and lateral)

Front 39

calcaneal

Back 39

heel bone

Front 40

metatarsals

Back 40

foot

Front 41

phalanges

Back 41

toes

Front 42

big/great toe

Back 42

distal and proximal (closer to foot)

Front 43

other toes

Back 43

distal, medial/middle, proximal

Front 44

Lamina

Back 44

part of the posterior portion of the vertebrae

Front 45

parts of the pelvic (hip) girdle

Back 45

ilium, ischium, and pubis

Front 46

head

Back 46

1 common bony process -- large smooth ball-shaped end on a long bone. It may be separated from the body or shaft of the bone by a narrow area called a neck.

Front 47

condyle

Back 47

2 common bony process -- smooth rounded portion at the end of a bone

Front 48

epicondyle

Back 48

3 common bony process -- prjection located above or on a condyle

Front 49

trochanter

Back 49

4 common bony process -- large rough process for the attachment of a muscle

Front 50

tubercle

Back 50

5 common bony process -- small, rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles

Front 51

tuberosity

Back 51

6 common bony process -- large, rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles

Front 52

sinus

Back 52

1 depression -- hollow cavity within a bone

Front 53

foramen

Back 53

2 depression -- smooth round opening for nerves and blood vessels

Front 54

fossa

Back 54

3 depression -- shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone

Front 55

fissure

Back 55

4 depression -- slit-type opening

Front 56

Joints/articulations

Back 56

connections between bones

Front 57

suture joints

Back 57

not moveable, like in the skull

Front 58

synovial joints

Back 58

moveable. Examples of moveable joints are ball and socket (movement in many directions), which are found in the hips and shoulders. Another example is hinge (movement in one direction), which are found in the knees and elbows.

Front 59

Bursa

Back 59

sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction (elbow, shoulder).

Front 60

Meniscus

Back 60

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular (where temporal bone - side of cranium - and mandible join).

Front 61

3 types of muscles

Back 61

striated or skeletal - voluntary
smooth or visceral - involuntary
cardiac - looks like striated, acts like smooth (involuntary)

Front 62

fascia

Back 62

covering of muscle

Front 63

tendon

Back 63

attaches muscles to bones

Front 64

ligaments

Back 64

attaches bones to bones

Front 65

aponeurosis

Back 65

large tendon

Front 66

flexor

Back 66

bends

Front 67

extensor

Back 67

straightens

Front 68

pectoral

Back 68

chest

Front 69

rectus

Back 69

straight

Front 70

oblique

Back 70

at an angle

Front 71

transverse

Back 71

across

Front 72

sphincter

Back 72

ringlike muscle

Front 73

biceps

Back 73

two divisions

Front 74

triceps

Back 74

three divisions

Front 75

quadriceps

Back 75

four divisions

Front 76

maximus

Back 76

large

Front 77

minimus

Back 77

small

Front 78

deltoid

Back 78

shaped like triangle

Front 79

major

Back 79

important

Front 80

levator

Back 80

lift

Front 81

depressor

Back 81

lower

Front 82

Fracture

Back 82

broken bone

Front 83

closed/simple

Back 83

bone broke, not through the skin

Front 84

open/compound

Back 84

bone broke and through the skin

Front 85

comminuted

Back 85

bone shattered into pieces

Front 86

impacted

Back 86

one bone shoved into another one

Front 87

greenstick

Back 87

bone breaks on one side and bends on the other

Front 88

hairline

Back 88

incomplete break

Front 89

pathological

Back 89

fracture caused by disease

Front 90

Colles' fracture

Back 90

fracture of the wrist (lower end of radius)

Front 91

reduction

Back 91

The treatment for fracture

Front 92

Closed reduction

Back 92

manipulating the fracture externally

Front 93

Open reduction

Back 93

requires surgery and usually uses internal fixation (pins, screws, etc. to hold bones together) or external fixation (rod internally and protrudes externally).

Front 94

osteoporosis

Back 94

porous bones

Front 95

scoliosis

Back 95

curvature of spine

Front 96

kyphosis

Back 96

humpback

Front 97

lordosis

Back 97

swayback

Front 98

spinal bifida

Back 98

hole in spine; spinal column did not close completely

Front 99

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 99

inflammation of joints

Front 100

osteoarthritis

Back 100

inflammation of bones and joints

Front 101

gout

Back 101

too much uric acid; collects in a joint

Front 102

Ewing's sarcoma

Back 102

bone cancer

Front 103

ergonomics

Back 103

making the work place better - to avoid carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. Some examples of ergonomics: split keyboards for computers, breaks, furniture

Front 104

crepitation

Back 104

grinding noise when cartilage and bone rub together

Front 105

electromyography (EMG)

Back 105

process of recording electricity of muscle

Front 106

sprain

Back 106

injury

Front 107

strain

Back 107

no injury - just over use of muscles

Front 108

talipes

Back 108

deformity of foot - i.e. clubfoot