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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An approach that emphasized learning from reward and punishment as the main cause of behavior, and that dominated psychology in the 1950s and 1960s
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Skinnerian behaviorism
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Skinnerian behaviorism, however, failed to provide a satisfactory account of human behavior, precisely because of its failure to deal with____
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meaning
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In decision making, the greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains
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RISK AVERSION
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In decision making, the greater weight given to the present over the future
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TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING
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In decision making, the greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities
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CERTAINTY EFFECT
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What are the "two steps of choosing?"
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1.) Whittling the choices down to a limited few. 2.) More careful comparison of the highlighted options.
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Researchers found that people were often rational, but when they were not, their irrational Behavior was geared toward______
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avoiding losses
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The idea that both men and women seek to minimize the most costly type of error, but that men's and women's goals, and hence worst errors, differ
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ERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY
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The preference to keep things the way they are rather than change
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Status Quo Bias
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The tendency to take whatever course of action does not require you to do anything (also called the default option)
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OMISSION BIAS
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Postponing decisions may be part of a broader pattern called________ __________
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Decision avoidance
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One general theme behind decision avoidance is
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anticipated regret
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Another theme (as to why people don't choose) is that some decisions
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become too difficult
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The idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or options and seek . To reclaim or reassert them
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REACTANCETHEORY
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Reactance produces what three main consequences?
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1.) Makes you want forbidden option more. 2.) Makes you take steps to reclaim the lost option. 3.) Agression towards the person who has restricted your freedom.
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Those who believe that traits are fixed, stable things (entities) and thus people should not be expected to change
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ENTITY THEORISTS
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Those who believe that traits are subject to change and improvement.
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INCREMENTAL THEORISTS
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Belief that one's actions will not bring about desired outcomes, leading one to give up and quit trying .
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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
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The theory that people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation
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SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
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A reduction in stress or suffering due to a belief that one has the option of escaping or controlling the situation, even if one doesn't exercise it
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PANIC BUTTON EFFECT
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An action is _____ to the extent that it is connected to other things or events.
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meaningful
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______ are the (meaningful) link between values and action.
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Goals
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An idea of some desired future state
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Goals
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A tendency to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted
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ZEIGARNIK EFFECT
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When the activation of a focal goal the person is working on inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals
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GOAL SHIELDING
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Goal shielding seems to occur _______
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Naturally
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The tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because the planner fails to allow for unexpected problems
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PLANNING FALLACY
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The self's capacity to alter its own responses; self-control
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SELF-REGULATION
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People who make ________ are more likely to take steps toward their goals than people who__________
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specific plans; fail to make plans
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What are the two main drawbacks to plans?
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1.) If they are too detailed or rigid, they can be discouraging. 2.) They tend to be overly optimistic.
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People who plan ____ do better with their plans.
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Monthly
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Keeping track of behaviors or responses to be regulated
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MONITORING
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TOTE the self-regulation feedback loop of__ __ __ __
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Test, Operate, Test, Exit
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People who are good at _____________are more likely to be successful in work, school, relationships, and other important spheres of behavior (Baumeis
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self-control or self-regulation
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Effective self-regulation has three main components:
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standards, monitoring, and strength
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Refers to concepts (ideas) of how things might or should be.
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standards
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Keeping track of the behaviors or responses you want to regulate
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monitoring
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The way people monitor themselves is typically summarized as a feedback loop (acronym)
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TOTE, which stands for Test, Operate, Test, and Exit
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The first "T" of TOTE is a comparison of self against the standard.
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Test
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The "O" in Tote is the phase, in which you exert conscious control to change yourself to become nicer.
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Operate
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The active phase of self-regulation; willpower
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CAPACITY FOR CHANGE
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Any action by which people bring failure, suffering, or misfortune on themselves
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SELF-DEFEATING BEHAVIOR
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The two main reasons for self-defeating behavior
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1.) Tradeoffs 2.) Faulty knowledge and strategies
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Suicide often involves a _____
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Tradeoff
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Suicide starts with a _____
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discrepancy between expectation and reality.
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Suicide rates are often higher in ____ circumstances.
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Favorable.
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The ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards
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CAPACITY TO DELAY GRATIFICATION
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_____________ is high among suicidal people;
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Self-awareness
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Suicidal people tend to be ____________
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emotionally numb.
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One emphasis (for helping suicidal people) should be to help that person refocus on________________
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long-term goals
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Suppose you show up for a paid experiment and receive $10. The researcher says you can double· your earnings if the outcome of a coin toss is a head, or lose your earnings if the outcome of a coin toss is a tail. Research shows that most people would________
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not flip the coin and keep their $10
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Mohammed is 4 years old. His mother, a social . Psychologist, asks whether he would rather have one cookie today or three cookies tomorrow. Mohammed chooses the one cookie today. This illustrates _,
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temporal discounting
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Entity theorists are to incremental theorists as _____ are to_________.
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stable traits; unstable traits
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People who believe in free will are more _ _______thanpeople who do not believe in free will.
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prosacial
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According to self-determination theory, people need to feel that activities are motivated by ___________
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internal factors
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Believing that one can exert control over stressful events makes them more tolerable, even if one has no control. This is called the _'
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panic button effect
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Goals are the meaningful link between_______,
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values and actions
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Fatima seems obsessed with achieving the goal she is working toward. She can't seem to focus on anything else, even other goals. This is called ________
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goal shielding
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Claudia is waiting in line to see a movie on the first day it is released. Just as she gets close to the ticket booth, the person in the booth announces that the movie is sold out. Rather than wait in line for the next show, Claudia leaves, but she spends the rest of the day thinking about the movie. This illustrates ________
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the Zeigarnik effect .
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People are often overly optimistic about what they can accomplish. This is called the _________
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planning fallacy
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Self-regulation is most similar to which of the following concepts?
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Self-control
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Which of the following refers to a concept or idea of how things could be?
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Standards
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Which common household device best illustrates a feedback loop?
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Thermostat
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What body part does willpower most resemble?
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Muscle
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In everyday terms, self-defeating behavior is defined as _ behavior.
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stupid
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The two main reasons for self-defeating behavior are___________
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faulty knowledge; tradeoffs
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Suicidal people are __________
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high in self-awareness
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