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93 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Metabolism

sumall chemical reactions in the body

cellular metabolism

Sum of all chemicalreactions occurring in a cell.


Metabolic reactionsusually occur in pathways or cycles

anabolism

smallmolecules are built into larger ones; requires ATP (energy)


provides material for growth and repair


Ex: dehydration synthesis

catabolism

larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releases ATP (energy)


Ex: hydrolysis

Enzymes

control rates of both cataboic and anabolic reactions


lower thee activation energy necessary to start the reaction


(protein catalyst)

denaturation

inactivation of an enzyme due to an irreversible change in its conformation.


Resultsin an enzyme being unable to bind to its substrate.

Metabolome

allsmall molecules that are part of the metabolism in a cell, tissue, organ, ororganism

Metabolic Pathways

•Seriesof enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product


•Eachnew substrate is the product of the previous reactionY

Energy

isthe capacity to change something,or the ability to dowork.


Ex: Heat, light, sound, electrical energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy

Cellular respiration

processthat transfers energy from molecules, and makes it available for cellular use (use chemical energy)

ATP(adenosine Triphosphate)

carriesenergy in a form the cell can use.


•Mainenergy-carrying molecule in the cell; energyfrom ATP breakdown isused for cellular work


- Adenine


- Ribose (a sugar)


- 3 phosphates in achain

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

occurs when ATP loses terminal phosphate

Genetic information:

Instructionsto tell cells how toconstruct proteins; stored in DNA sequence

Gene:

Sequenceof DNA that contains information for making 1 protein

Genome:

Completeset of genetic information in a cell

Exome:

Smallportion of the genome that codes for proteins

Gene Expression:

Controlof which proteins are produced in each cell type, in what amount, and under which circumstances

Nucleotides

building blocks of DNA. Made up of 5 carbon sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base(adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)

DNA Replication

processthat produces an exact copy of a DNA molecule; occurs during interphase

triplet code

asequence of 3 nucleotides that represents an amino acid, or signals beginningor end of a protein

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

copiesand transfers information from DNA to the cytoplasm

Messenger RNA (mRNA):

Carriesgenetic code from DNA to ribosome

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

alignsamino acids during protein synthesis, along the mRNA strand on the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):

Comprisesribosome

Transcription

Processof copying DNA sequenceonto an RNA sequence

Translation

Processof converting the genetic code, carried by mRNA, into a sequence of amino acidsthat becomes a protein

mutations

Changesin the DNA sequence; generally occurs when bases are changed added, or deleted.

spontaneous mutation

due to insertion of unstable base into DNA sequence

induced

due to exposure to mutagens, chemicals or radiation that cause mutation

DNA Repair

Correctionof a mismatched nucleotide by a Repair Enzyme

Tissues:

Groupsof similar cells with a common function

histology

the study of tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)

tight junctions

-membranes between cells merge and fuse


-located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers


-blood-brain barrier

desmosomes

-form "spot welds" between cells


-structural reinforcement


-Located among outer skin cells

gap junctions

-tubular channels between cells

-molecules can move between cells


-located in cardiac muscle cells

nanotechnology

uses structuressmaller than 100 nm in at least 1 direction, to help medications cross thebarrier

simple squamous (lines lungs air sacs)

pseudostratified columnar (in the lungs)

simple cuboidal (Kidneys, thyroid)

simple columnar (stomach, intestines)

stratified squamous (oral cavity, vagina, anal cavity)

stratified cuboidal (salivary glands, sweat glands)

transitional (urinary bladder, ureters)

stratified columnar (male urethera, ducts of exocrine glands)

Glandular Epithelium:

Composedof cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

Endocrine glands

secreteinto tissue fluid or blood

exocrine glands

secreteinto ducts that open onto surface

Unicellular

Composedof one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus)

multicellular

•Composed of manycells


• Sweat glands,salivary glands, etc.


• Simple or compound

merocrine glands

Secrete fluid products by exocytosis; salivary & sweatglands, pancreas

Apocrine Glands:

Lose small part of cell during secretion; mammary &ceruminous glands

Holocrine Glands:

Releaseentire cells filled with product; sebaceous glands

fibroblast

most common fixed cell

macrophages

defend against infection

mast cells

•Large, fixed cells


•Release heparin toprevent blood clotting•Release histamine,which causes inflammatory response

collagen fibers

•Thick threads ofcollagen, the body’s main structural protein


•Great tensilestrength and flexible, slightly elastic


•Found in ligamentsand tendons

Elastic Fibers

•Composed of elastinprotein; branching


•Can stretch andreturn to original shape


•Not as strong ascollagen fibers


•Found in vocal cords,respiratory air passages

Reticular Fibers

•Thin, branchingfibers of collagen•Form delicate,supporting networks•Found in spleen,liver

areolar

adipose

reticular

dense regular

dense irregular

elastic

blood

bone

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

epithelial membranes

composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities

serous membranes

line body cavities that do not open to outside of the body

mucous membranes

line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body

cutaneous membrane

covers body surface (skin)

synovial membranes

composed entirely of connective tissue (lines joint cavities)

smooth muscle tissue

spindle-shaped walls of organs and blood vessels (involuntary)

cardiac muscle tissue

only in wall of heart intercalated discs

nervous tissue

found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; main cells are neurons

neuroglia

support and nourish neurons

organ

two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions

integumentary system

the skin, hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors

epidermis

outer layer of skin


basement membrane between epidermis and dermis

dermis

inner layer of skin; contains collagenous and elastic fibers

subcutaneous layer

beneath dermis; insulating layer; contains blood vessels

keratinocytes

produce the protein keratin which helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, etc.

keratin

tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells

keratinization

process of hardening dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in the epidermal cells as they migrate outward

melanocytes

produce the dark pigment melanin; provides skin color.

Stratum basale

deepest single layer of epidermis

Stratum spinosum

•providesstrength and flexibility to the skin

Stratum granulosum

•transition between the deeper, metabolically activestrata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

Stratum lucidum:

•presentonly in the fingers tips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.

Stratum corneum:

•25to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids–continuously shed

three things that effect skin color

hereditary factors


environmental factors


physiological factors