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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Muscular System
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movement of the body and fluids (blood, food, and air)
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Three Types of Muscle Tissues
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1) Skeletal Muscle
2) Cardiac Muscle 3) Smooth Muscle |
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Skeletal Muscle
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muscle that attaches to bone, have striated appearance, have many nuclei per cell, voluntary muscles/ conscious, nervous system to motor neuron
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Cardiac Muscle
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Located in the Heart to pump blood, also striated, one nucleus per cell, involuntary, have intercalated disks between cells, involuntary, signals come from pacemaker
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Smooth Muscle
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Located in the GI tract, blood vessles, organs, not striated, one nuclues per cell, involuntary, spontaneous stretching
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Spontaneous Stretching
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leads to spontaneous contraction
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Tendon
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Muscle to Bone
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Myofibril
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respnsible for muscle contraction
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Sarcomere
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also responsible for muscle contraction
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Plasma Membrane
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surrounds muscle fiber
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T-Tubules
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are indentations and channels found in the plasma membrane
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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membrane that surrounds the Myofibrils
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Thin Filaments
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made of Actin (protein and Pearl necklace); and Accessory Molecules
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Accessory Molecules
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Troponin and Tropomyosin
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Thick Filament
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comprise of Myosin
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Muscle Contraction Functions
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Sliding Filament Mechanism
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Sliding Filament Mechanism
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1) Get accessory molecules out of the way
2) Myosin heads bind to the actin which forms a crossbridge 3) Myosin head bends and pulls in the thin filaments 4) Release of Myosin heads, reattaches to actin 5) Repeat |
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Relaxation
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when no thick filaments are attaching to thin filaments
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Big Picture of Muscle Contraction
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motor neuron and the muscle fiber interacts with is called a motor unit, action potential travels through motor neuron, when reaches the end of the neuron and releases aceytlcholine, receptors on muscle fibers bind to ach, action potential in muscle fiber travels through t-tubules and reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium moves out, calcium and troponin changes the shape of it and helps get tropomyosin out of the way, pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
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Rigomortis
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muscle cell run out of ATP, calcium interacts with troponin; no muscle contraction or relaxation because there is no ATP to aid in movement
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
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1) ATP
2) Creatin Phosphate 3) Aerobic Respiration 4) Anaerobic Respiration |
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ATP
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ADP + P
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Creatin Phosphate
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use to build up and restore levels of ATP
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Aerobic Respiration
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in Mitocondria; glucose + oxygen-> carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Glycolysis; Lactic Acid, decreased pH, yields 2ATP, take lactic acid and put in bloodstream, put in liver to make glucose
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Fast Twitch Muscles
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good for bursts of energy and anaerobic respiration; don't take long, but don't last long
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Slow Twitch Muscles
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good for aerobic respiration; takes longer, but lasts longer
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Functions of the Skeletal System
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support and movement: results from when the muscles exert a force on the skeleton
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Types of Skeletons
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1)Hydrostatic
2)Exoskeleton 3)Endoskeleton |
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Muscles push against the fluid filled space
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Circular muscles and Longitudinal muscles
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circular contracting and long relaxing = long and skinny
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Exoskeleton
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outer skeleton; Molting= bad
ex: arthropoda, molluska, |
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Endoskeleton
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least common, inner skeleton
ex: echinodermata, chordata |
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Functions of the Human Skeleton
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1) support and protection
2) movement 3) Hematopoiesis 4) Storage of Calcium and Phosphorus 5) Response to Stimuli |
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Bone
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comprised of celss that secrete collagen matrix, but stronger and rigid because of calcium and phosphorus
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Cartilage
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cells surrounded by collagen; gives structure, protection from bone to bone, absorbs shock, important during growth and development; lacks calcium and phosphorus
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Ligament
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Bone to Bone, comprised of Cartilage
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Cartilage is found in
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ribs to sternum, nose, ends of bones, ears, intervertebral disks, in joints
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Chondrocytes
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living cells responsible for producing cartilage, secrete collagen matrix, makes humans flexible and elastic; gets oxygen through diffusion
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osteoblasts
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build bone
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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osteoclasts
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breaks down bone (dissolving)
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compact bone
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where muscles attach; strong; absorb shock
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spongy bone
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porous; where bone marrow is located
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Haversion System/ Osteon
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Calcium phosphate deposited in bone to make it strong, concentric circle; has lots of osteocytes that are surrounded by rings of collagen
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Bone Remodeling- breakdown and build up (5-10% per year)
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demands put on bones; therefore need to respond to demands, need to break down to get calcium and to regulate blood levels of calcium
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Two Glands and Hormones involved in Bone Remodeling
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thyroid- produces calcitonin
parathyroid- produces parathormone |
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Calcitonin
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absorbs calcium in bones and increases the blood
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Parathormone
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releases calcium from bone (important during pregnancy) decrease in blood; need when grow up, need when bone is broken for bone repair
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Osteoporosis
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bones become more porous, decrease in bone density
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Women suffer more from osteoporosis
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because they have 30% less bone madd and their diets have less calcium and have decreased estrogen which is important because it stimulates osteoblasts
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treatment for osteoporosis
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take estrogen, calcitonin, exercise, and increase calcium intake
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