Ch. 36 Bio 102

Front 1

Population

Back 1

a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area.
These individuals rely on the same resources, are influenced by the same environmental factors, and are likely to interact and breed with one another.

Front 2

Population Ecology

Back 2

is concerned with changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time.
___ ____ might use statistics such as the number and distribution of individuals to describe a population.

Front 3

Population Density

Back 3

is the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume
Ex. the # of oak trees per sq. kilometer

Front 4

Dispersion Pattern

Back 4

The ___ ___ of a population refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area.

Front 5

Clumping Dispersion

Back 5

___ often results from an unequal distribution of resources in the environment.
Ex. Plants or fungi maybe ___ in areas where soil conditions and other factors favor germination and growth.
___ can also reduce the risk of predation, or be associated with social behavior.

Front 6

Random Dispersion Pattern

Back 6

individuals in a population are spaced in an unpredictable way, without a pattern.
Plants, such as dandelions that grow from windblown seeds might be randomly dispersed.
Varying habitat conditions and social interactions make __ __ rare.

Front 7

Uniform Dispersion Pattern

Back 7

often results from interactions between the individuals of a population.
Animals may exhibit __ __ as a result of territoral behavior.

Front 8

Life Tables

Back 8

__ __ track surviorship, the chance of an individual in a given population surviving to various ages.

Front 9

Population size...

Back 9

fluctuates as new individuals are born or immigrate into an area and others die or emigrate.

Front 10

Exponential Growth Model

Back 10

Population growth pattern in which the number of new individuals is proportional to the size of the population.
Bacteria

Gives an idealized picture of unlimited population growth. There is no restriction on the abilities of the organism to live, grow, and reproduce.

Front 11

Exponential Growth Model

Back 11

G=rN

G: growth rate of the population
r: per capita rate of increase
N: population size

rate of population increases under ideal conditions

Front 12

Limiting Factors

Back 12

environmental factors that restrict population growth are called __ __.

Front 13

Logistic Growth Model

Back 13

the leveling off of a population in response to environmental resistance. Ex. tiger, humans

a description of idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases.

Front 14

Logistic Growth Model

Back 14

G=rN(K-N/K)

G: growth rate of population
r: per capita rate of increase
N:population size
K: carrying capacity

idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases.

Front 15

Carrying Capacity

Back 15

maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain(carry).

Front 16

Logistic Growth Model

Back 16

-Population growth slows & ceases as population density increases
-Increasing population density results in a decrease in birth rate, an increase in death rate or both.

Front 17

Abiotic Factors

Back 17

may reduce population size before other limiting factors become important (density-independent factors: cyclones, hurricanes, tornados, drought, flood)

Front 18

Most populations fluctuate in numbers

Back 18

Logistic Growth Model

Front 19

Density-Dependent Factors

Back 19

limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density-- appear to limit growth in natural populations

availability of food, predation, parasitism, competition

Front 20

Intraspecific Competition

Back 20

competition between individuals of the same species for limited resources.

As a limited food supply is divided among more and more individuals, birth rates may decline as individuals have less energy available for reproduction.

Front 21

Density-Indepedent Factors

Back 21

cyclones, hurricanes, tornados, drought, flood, season changes, weather

Aphids and many other insects undergo exponential growth in the spring and then rapidly die off when the weather turns hot and dry in the summer.

Front 22

Scavenger-Gatherer-Hunter

Back 22

parents have many children, mortality is high, population growth is very slow

Front 23

Age of agriculture

Back 23

Death rate decreases while the birth rate remains high. Net rate of population increase rises.

Front 24

Industrial revolution & improved healthcare

Back 24

Survivorship continues to increase but effective contraceptives hold down the birth rate. Population levels begin a downward trend.

Front 25

Demographic Transition

Back 25

is the shift from high birth & death rates
to low birth and death rates, and
has lowered the rate of growth in developed countries

Front 26

Age Structure

Back 26

The __ __ of a population is the number of individuals in different age groups.

helpful for predicting a populations future growth.

Front 27

Ecological Footprint

Back 27

__ __ is an estimate of the amount of land required to provide the raw materials an individual or nation consumes.
Including water, food, fuel, housing, water disposal, etc.

Front 28

All of the students in your classroom is an example of a ___.

Back 28

Population

Front 29

If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals for a given species, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population

Back 29

size will derease.

Front 30

A tidal wave wipes out the entire population of mice living on an island. This is an example of

Back 30

the effects of abiotic factors.

Front 31

In the logistic growth model, as population size increases, birth rates

Back 31

decline and/or death rates increase.

Front 32

In terms of population dynamics, what is "boom-and-bust" cycling?

Back 32

a situation in which a population moves back and forth between rapid growth and decline

Front 33

Which of the following will likely decrease a population's size?

Back 33

decreasing the food supply available to the population

Front 34

Which of the following statements about human population growth is true?

Back 34

Demographic transition is a transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates.

Front 35

A demographic tool used to predict a population's future growth is ___ ___.

Back 35

age structure

Front 36

What is the age structure of a population?

Back 36

the proportion of individuals in different age groups

Front 37

An ecological footprint...

Back 37

is a means of understanding resource availability and usage.

Front 38

The dispersion pattern of a population is the .

Back 38

spatial distribution of individuals.

Dispersion refers to the way that individuals are spaced within the area occupied by a population.

Front 39

When birth rate equals death rate

Back 39

the size of a population remains constant

Front 40

In the logistic model, a smaller r will cause a _____.

Back 40

slower increase in the size of a population to the same carrying capacity (K)

Front 41

At carrying capacity, a population...

Back 41

flucutates around a median number.

Front 42

Which of the following is most clearly a case of density-dependent population regulation?

Back 42

a dangerous new flu strain that is transmitted among humans by sneezing

Front 43

The death by bubonic plague of about one-third of Europe's population during the fourteenth century is a good example of

Back 43

Density-dependent effect