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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissue |
group of cells with a common function and/or structure
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Organ
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structure that consists of several types of tissues that carryout a particular funtion
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Roots
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Multicellular organ that carries out the following funtions:
1. anchors plants in soil 2. stores carbohydrates 3. absorbs water and minerals |
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Taproot
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one main vertical root that stores organic nutrients (carbs)
ex: carrots |
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Lateral Roots
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roots that branch from the taproot
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Root Hairs
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extensions of roots; increase surface area
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Fibrous root system
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mat of fine roots spreading out just beneath the soil surface
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Stems
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an alternating system of nodes (leaf attachment) and internodes (segments between)
1. axillary bud 2. terminal/apical bud 3. apical dominance |
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Axillary bud
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forms lateral shoot (branch)
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Terminal/apical bud
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forms apex shoot
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Apical Dominance
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restricts axillary bud growth, allowing terminal growth
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Leaves
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main photosynthetic organ in most vascular plants
leaf anatomy: a) blade b) petiole c) veins |
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Blade
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leaf
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Petiole
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joins bladder stem
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Veins
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vascular tissue within a leaf
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Tissue System
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consists of one or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of the plant
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Dermal Tissue System
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a) epidermis
b) cuticle |
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Epidermis
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outer protective covering, usually a single tissue layer of tightly packed cells; first line of defense against physical damage; pathogens
ex: fungal |
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Cuticle
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waxy coating on the epidermal surface; protects against desiccation
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Vascular tissue system: Xylem
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transports water and dissolved material upwards; from root to shoots
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Vascular tissue system: Phloem
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transports organic nutrients from leaves downward to roots; also to new growth (leaves to fruit)
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Ground tissue system
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specialties in storage, support photosynthesis
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Ground tissue system: Pith
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ground tissue internal to vascular tissue (makes up center of a stem)
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Ground tissue system: Cortex
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cork-ground tissue external to vascular tissue
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Common types of plant cells
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differences among cell types occur in cell wall and protoplasm modification
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Common types of plant cells: Parenchyma
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typical plant cells
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Common types of plant cells: Sclerenchyma
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support young plant cells
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Common types of plant cells: Collenchyma
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support old plant parts
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Common types of plant cells: Xylem
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forms walls for water transport out of dead tissues (wood)
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Common types of plant cells: Phloem
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forms tubes for nutrient transport out of living tissue
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Meristems: Growth rate
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1. indeterminate
2. determinate 3. annuals 4. biennials 5. perennials |
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Indeterminate
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growth the occurs throughout a plants life (iris)
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Determinate
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growth that ceases after it reaches a certain size (oak)
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Annuals
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plants that complete their life cycle in one year (wildflower)
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Biennials
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plants that complete their life cycle in 2 years (carrots)
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Perennials
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plants that live for many years (shrubs, trees, etc.)
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Growth Locations: Meristems
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a) apical meristems
b) lateral meristems |
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Meristems
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perpetually embryonic tissue
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Apical meristems
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located in tips of roots and buds of shoots (1 degree growth= length)
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Lateral meristems
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located along length of roots and stems (2 degree growth= width/birth by vascular & cork cambium)
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Primary growth of roots and shoots: Growth locations
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1. root cap
2. zone of maturation 3. zone of elongation 4. zone of cell division 5. stele 6. pericycle 7. shoot apical meristems (SAM) 8. leaf primordial |
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Root cap
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protects the root tip as the root grows; also secretes slime
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Zone of maturation
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area where cells complete differentiation and growth
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Zone of elongation
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area root lengthening, pushing root tip into soil
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Zone of cell division
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area of new root cell production including root tip
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Stele
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vascular cylinder composed of the xylem and phloem in most plants
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Pericycle
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cells from which lateral roots arise; outermost cells in stele
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Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
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dome- shaped mass of cells at shoot tip
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Leaf primordial
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finger like leaf projections along the sides of the SAM
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Categories of plants (vascular tissue)
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1. eudicots (dicots)
2. monocots |
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Eudicots (dicots)
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vascular tissue arranged in rings (xylem is the interior, phloem is the exterior)
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Monocots
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vascular tissue scattered in rings (Xylem- larger, phloem- smaller)
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Categories of plants (vascular tissue): Metabolism
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1. stomata
2. Guard cells |
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Stomata
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pores that allow gas exchange (O2 & CO2) between the air and chloroplasts; allows evaporative water loss
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Guard cells
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regulate opening and closing of stomata
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Secondary growth of roots and shoots: Growth locations
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1. vascular cambium
2. cork cambium |
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Vascular cambium
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undifferentiated cells that increased phloem and xylem (by mitosis)
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Cork cambium
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produces a tough, thick outer covering (bark-all tissues external to the vascular cambium)
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