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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Tissue

group of cells with a common function and/or structure
Organ
structure that consists of several types of tissues that carryout a particular funtion
Roots
Multicellular organ that carries out the following funtions:
1. anchors plants in soil
2. stores carbohydrates
3. absorbs water and minerals
Taproot
one main vertical root that stores organic nutrients (carbs)
ex: carrots
Lateral Roots
roots that branch from the taproot
Root Hairs
extensions of roots; increase surface area
Fibrous root system
mat of fine roots spreading out just beneath the soil surface
Stems
an alternating system of nodes (leaf attachment) and internodes (segments between)
1. axillary bud
2. terminal/apical bud
3. apical dominance
Axillary bud
forms lateral shoot (branch)
Terminal/apical bud
forms apex shoot
Apical Dominance
restricts axillary bud growth, allowing terminal growth
Leaves
main photosynthetic organ in most vascular plants
leaf anatomy:
a) blade
b) petiole
c) veins
Blade
leaf
Petiole
joins bladder stem
Veins
vascular tissue within a leaf
Tissue System
consists of one or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of the plant
Dermal Tissue System
a) epidermis
b) cuticle
Epidermis
outer protective covering, usually a single tissue layer of tightly packed cells; first line of defense against physical damage; pathogens
ex: fungal
Cuticle
waxy coating on the epidermal surface; protects against desiccation
Vascular tissue system: Xylem
transports water and dissolved material upwards; from root to shoots
Vascular tissue system: Phloem
transports organic nutrients from leaves downward to roots; also to new growth (leaves to fruit)
Ground tissue system
specialties in storage, support photosynthesis
Ground tissue system: Pith
ground tissue internal to vascular tissue (makes up center of a stem)
Ground tissue system: Cortex
cork-ground tissue external to vascular tissue
Common types of plant cells
differences among cell types occur in cell wall and protoplasm modification
Common types of plant cells: Parenchyma
typical plant cells
Common types of plant cells: Sclerenchyma
support young plant cells
Common types of plant cells: Collenchyma
support old plant parts
Common types of plant cells: Xylem
forms walls for water transport out of dead tissues (wood)
Common types of plant cells: Phloem
forms tubes for nutrient transport out of living tissue
Meristems: Growth rate
1. indeterminate
2. determinate
3. annuals
4. biennials
5. perennials
Indeterminate
growth the occurs throughout a plants life (iris)
Determinate
growth that ceases after it reaches a certain size (oak)
Annuals
plants that complete their life cycle in one year (wildflower)
Biennials
plants that complete their life cycle in 2 years (carrots)
Perennials
plants that live for many years (shrubs, trees, etc.)
Growth Locations: Meristems
a) apical meristems
b) lateral meristems
Meristems
perpetually embryonic tissue
Apical meristems
located in tips of roots and buds of shoots (1 degree growth= length)
Lateral meristems
located along length of roots and stems (2 degree growth= width/birth by vascular & cork cambium)
Primary growth of roots and shoots: Growth locations
1. root cap
2. zone of maturation
3. zone of elongation
4. zone of cell division
5. stele
6. pericycle
7. shoot apical meristems (SAM)
8. leaf primordial
Root cap
protects the root tip as the root grows; also secretes slime
Zone of maturation
area where cells complete differentiation and growth
Zone of elongation
area root lengthening, pushing root tip into soil
Zone of cell division
area of new root cell production including root tip
Stele
vascular cylinder composed of the xylem and phloem in most plants
Pericycle
cells from which lateral roots arise; outermost cells in stele
Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
dome- shaped mass of cells at shoot tip
Leaf primordial
finger like leaf projections along the sides of the SAM
Categories of plants (vascular tissue)
1. eudicots (dicots)
2. monocots
Eudicots (dicots)
vascular tissue arranged in rings (xylem is the interior, phloem is the exterior)
Monocots
vascular tissue scattered in rings (Xylem- larger, phloem- smaller)
Categories of plants (vascular tissue): Metabolism
1. stomata
2. Guard cells
Stomata
pores that allow gas exchange (O2 & CO2) between the air and chloroplasts; allows evaporative water loss
Guard cells
regulate opening and closing of stomata
Secondary growth of roots and shoots: Growth locations
1. vascular cambium
2. cork cambium
Vascular cambium
undifferentiated cells that increased phloem and xylem (by mitosis)
Cork cambium
produces a tough, thick outer covering (bark-all tissues external to the vascular cambium)